Parkinson Disease Essay

N.J. is a 70-year-old man with a 4-year history of Parkinsons disease (PD). He is a retired engineer, is married, and lives with his married woman in a small farming community. He has three self-aggrandizing children who live close by. Since his last visit to the clinic 6 months ago, N.J. reports that his tremors are about the same as they were however, encourage questioning reveals that he feels his gait is perhaps a little much unsteady, and his fatigue is slightly more noticeable. N.J. is also concerned about increased drooling. Among the medications N.J. takes are carbidopa-levodopa 25/100 mg (Sinemet), one chit an hour before breakfast and one tablet 2 hours after lunch carbidopa-levodopa 50/cc mg (Sinemet CR), one tablet at bedtime and amantadine (Symmetrel) 100 mg at breakfast and bedtime. On the preliminary visit, he was encouraged to try fetching the carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet) more times throughout the day, but he reports that he became very somnolent with that dosin g regimen. He also reports that his dyskinetic movements appear to be worse just after taking his carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet).1.What is parkinsonism? (7points)Parkinsonism is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. Parkinsonism is a symptom multifactorial that differs from Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism is any condition that causes a combination of the movement abnormalities seen in Parkinsons disease much(prenominal) as tremor, slow movement, impaired speech or muscle stiffness. Especially seen in results from the loss of dopamine-containing affectionateness cells.2.What is Parkinsons Disease?Parkinson disease is a progressive degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia that results in an ultimate loss of coordination and control of involuntary motor movement.3.What clinical manifestations did N.J. mention he had? List at to the lowest degree 4. (10 points or 2.5 points per answer) N.J. mentioned his gate is becoming m ore unsteady, his fatigue is slightly more noticeable, his drooling has increased, and his tremors are the same as the last visit.4.What are the clinical manifestations of Parkinsons Disease? List at least 7 symptoms (10 points or 1.42 per answer)TremorRigidityBradykinesiaLoss of dexterity and power in affected limbs.AchingDroolingLack of seventh cranial nerve expressionRhythmic head noddingReduced blinkingSlumped postureGait disturbance5.N.J.s wife asks you, How do the doctors know N.J. has Parkinsons disease? They never did a lot of tests on him. How is the diagnosis of Parkinsons Disease made? (5 points) Parkinson disease is diagnosed from the physical examination and health history results. In nigh cases a MRI may be befoole to narrow down other causes of the symptoms.6.N.J.s wife comments, I dont even know which one of his medicines he takes for his Parkinsons. What medications are used for Parkinsons Disease?Pramipexole ( Mirapex)Ropinirole (Requip)L-dopa (L-dihydroxypheny lalanine)Carbidopa/Levadopa (Sinemet)Carbidopa/levadopa/entacapme (Stalevo)Amantadine (Symmetrel)Trihexyphendiyl (Artane)Benztropine (Cogentin)7. N.J. asks, If I dont have enough dopamine, then why dont they give me a dopamine pill? Why cant oral dopamine be given as replacement therapy? (5 points) Dopamine cant be given promptly because it cant cross the blood-brain barrier, a lining that insulates the brain from the rest of thebody.8. Levodopa is always given in combination with carbidopa. Why? When two drugs are used in combination, therapeutic levels may be achieved with take down doses.