Learning Check

Chapter 14 Auditing the Revenue Cycle |Learning Check | The revenue cycle includes the activities involved in the exchange of goods and services with customers and the realization of the revenue in cash. The classes of transactions in this cycle for a merchandising company are sales, sales adjustments, and cash receipts. The primary accounts affected by these transactions are sales, accounts receivable, cost of sales, inventory, cash, sales discounts, sales returns and allowances, bad debts expense, and allowance for uncollectable accountsSpecific audit objectives for the revenue cycle are derived from the five categories of management's financial statement assertions. b. Specific audit objectives for credit sales transactions include the following: |Specific Audit Objectives | |Transaction Objectives | |Occurrence. Recorded sales transactions represent goods shipped or services provided during the period. |Recorded cash receipt transactions represent cash received during the period. | |Recorded sales adjustment transactions during the period represent authorized discounts, returns and allowances, and | |uncollectable accounts. | |Completeness. All sales cash receipts and sales adjustments made during the period were recorded. | |Accuracy. All sales and cash receipts and sales adjustments are accurately valued using GAAP and correctly | |journalized, summarized and posted. | |Cutoff.All sales, cash receipts and sales adjustments have been recorded in the correct accounting period. | |Classification. All sales, cash receipts, and sales adjustments have been recorded in the proper accounts. | |Balance Objectives | |Existence. Accounts receivable representing amounts owed by customers exists at the balance sheet date. | |Completeness. Accounts receivable include all claims on customers at the balance sheet date. |Rights and Obligations. Accounts receivable at the balance sheet date represent legal claims of the entity on | |customers for payment. | |Valuation and Allocation. Accounts receivable represents gross claims on customers at the balance sheet date and | |agrees with the sum of the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger. The allowance for uncollectable accounts | |represents a reasonable estimate of the difference between gross receivables and their net realizable value. |Disclosure Objectives | |Occurrence and Rights and Obligations. Disclosed revenue cycle events and transactions have occurred and pertain to | |the entity. | |Completeness. All revenue cycle disclosures that should have been included in the financial statements have been | |included. | |Understandability. Revenue cycle information is appropriately presented and information in disclosures is | |understandable to users. |b | 14-3. Following are a few examples of differences between how the auditor might use the knowledge of the entity and its environment for a computer company v. a hotel. a. Certain balance sheet accounts like accounts receivable and inventories are go ing to be very significant for the computer manufacturer, but relatively immaterial for the hotel. The computer company is also likely to have a higher ratio of sales to fixed assets, or sale to total assets, than the hotel. b.The computer company auditor will have significant issues associated with the risk of misstatement with respect to the existence of receivables and inventories that are not present for the hotel. The computer company auditor will also have to address valuation and allocation issues associated with the collectability of receivables and lower of cost or market of inventories that are insignificant for the hotel. The hotel will have a potential risk of material misstatement in terms of how it accounts for revenues from properties that it manages for others, as opposed to properties that it owns. 14-4.Factors that might motivate management to deliberately misstate revenue cycle assertions include: †¢ Pressures to overstate revenues in order to report achievin g announced revenue or profitability targets or industry norms that were not achieved in reality owing to such factors as global, national, or regional economic conditions, the impact of technological developments on the entity's competitiveness, or poor management. †¢ Pressures to overstate cash and gross receivables or understate the allowance for doubtful accounts in order to report a higher level of working capital in the face of liquidity problems or going concern doubts.Factors that might contribute to unintentional misstatements in revenue cycle assertions include: †¢ The volume of sales, cash receipts, and sales adjustments transactions is often high, resulting in numerous opportunities for errors to occur. †¢ The timing and amount of revenue to be recognized may be contentious owing to factors such as ambiguous accounting standards, the need to make estimates, the complexity of the calculations involved, and purchasers' rights of return. 14-5. a. Following ar e example analytical procedures that the auditor might use to estimate total revenue for a household appliance manufacturer and for an airline. Industry |Possible Analytical Procedures | |Household Appliance Mfg. |Use past ratio of net sales to capacity with adjustments for capacity | | |changes. | | |Use a combination of past ratios of market share with adjustments of | | |current changes in market share. Requires knowledge of the total market | | |size in the industry. |Airline |Estimate net revenues using information on utilization of capacity | | |(airline seat miles) and average revenue per seat. | b. Two analytical procedures that the auditor might use to estimate gross margin for company might include. |Analytic Procedure |Audit Significance | |Compare historical trends in market share and |Companies with commanding market shares often are able to obtain larger | |gross margin with current unaudited data. gross margins. | |Evaluate the percentage of revenues coming from |Comp anies with a high proportion of revenues from new products may earn | |new products. |premium gross margins due to the ability to innovate. | c. Two analytical procedures that the auditor might use to estimate net receivables and the allowance for doubtful accounts for company might include. |Analytic Procedure |Audit Significance | |Accounts receivable turn days |Understanding a company’s history of accounts and sales volume can assist| | the auditor in evaluating net receivables and the adequacy of the | | |allowance for doubtful accounts. | |Evaluate the entities history of uncollectable |This procedure is primarily related to the adequacy of the allowance for | |accounts expense to net credit sales, with |uncollectable accounts. The above history of accounts receivable turn | |adjustment for economic conditions |days would be most useful for evaluating estimating gross receivables | | |given sales. 14-6. Several control environment factors and their applicability to reven ue cycle assertions are: †¢ Integrity and ethical values – reduction of risk of overstatement of revenues and receivables by eliminating incentives to dishonest reporting. †¢ Commitment to competence – by chief financial officers and accounting personnel. †¢ Management's philosophy and operating style – conservatism in developing such accounting estimates as the allowance for uncollectable accounts and allowance for sales returns. Human resource policies and practices – bonding of employees who handle cash 7. The following table summarizes the functions that apply to credit sales transactions, the department that performs the functions, and the principal documents or records produced in performing the function. | |Department that performs function |Principal documents and records produced in performing the | |Function | |function. |Initiating credit sales |Sales department |Documents | | | |Customer Order | | |Credit department |Sales Order | | | | | | | Computer Files and Records | | | |Customer Master File (with credit information) and Accounts | | | |Receivable Master File. | | |Perpetual Inventory | | | |Authorized Price List | | | |Open Order File | |Delivering good and |Warehousing and shipping department for |Documents | |services |goods. Shipping documents | | | |Reports of unfilled orders and back orders | | |Line operating departments for services. | | | |Computer Files and Records | | | |Open Order File | | | |Perpetual Inventory | | | |Shipping File | |Recording sales |Accounting (Billing) |Documents | | | |Sales Invoice | | | |Sales Reports and Sales Journal | | | |Various Exception Reports | | | |Monthly Customer Statements | | | | | | |Computer Files and Records | | | |Sales Transaction File | | | |Accounts Receivable Master File | 14-8. In order to assess control risk as low based on programmed control procedures the auditor should test the following. |Control |Importance to Control Risk Assessment | | Programmed control procedures |If a programmed control procedure in critical to a low control risk assessment then| | |the auditor should directly test the control procedure. |Computer general control procedures |In order to obtain assurance that the programmed control procedure functions | | |effectively throughout the period the auditor also needs to these the effectiveness| | |of computer general control procedures. | |Manual follow-up procedures. |Programmed controls usually report exceptions noted when performing the control. | | |As a result auditors also need to test the effectiveness of manual controls that | | |follow-up on reported exceptions. | 14-9. The following tables describes programmed controls for a typical manufacturing company. |Potential Misstatement |Programmed Control |CAATs (Assuming Test Data) | |a. |Sales invoices may not be |The computer compares entries in the sales |Submit test data for a transaction that has | | |recorded. |journal with underlying shipp ing information. |shipping information, both with and without a | | | |All shipping documents must be matched with a|supporting sales invoice. | | | |sales invoice. | | |b. |Sales invoice may be recorded |The computer compares dates on the sales |Submit test data with dates on sales invoices | | |in the wrong accounting period. invoice with dates on shipping documents. |that both do and do not match with dates on | | | | |related shipping files. | |c. |A fictitious sales invoice, or |The computer will not prepare a sale invoice |Submit test data with sales invoice information | | |a sales transaction for which |without underlying information on shipping |that both is and is not supported by underlying | | |revenue should not be |files. |shipping information. | | |recognized, is recorded. | | | |d. Sales are made without credit |The computer searches a field for appropriate|Submit test data for sales orders that both are | | |approval. |credit authorization before an order is |and ar e not supported by appropriate credit | | | |placed on an open order file. |authorization. | |e. |A sales invoice has incorrect |The computer matches quantities on a sales |Submit test data for sales invoices that both do | | |quantities or prices. |invoices with underlying shipping information|and do not match underlying shipping information | | | |and matches prices with an authorized price |and authorized price lists. | | | |list. | |f. |Sales invoices may not be |The computer checks run-to-run totals of |Submit test data for batches that with complete | | |posted or may not be |beginning accounts receivable balances, plus |and incomplete data sets in terms of completed | | |journalized |sales transactions, with the ending |transactions. | | | |receivable balances. | | |g. |Sales invoices may be posted to|The computer matches customer information on |Submit test data with underlying information that| | |the wrong customer’s accounts. the sales invoice with the master custo mer |both does and does not match with information on | | | |file, the sales order, and the shipping |previously created sales order and shipping | | | |documents. |files. | 14-10. A common management control involves having managers with responsibility for sales to review daily or weekly sales reports to assess the reasonableness of recorded sales. Further management responsible for warehousing and shipping should review daily or weekly sales and inventory movement reports to assess the reasonableness of recorded sales and inventory removed from the perpetual inventory. 14-11. The sub-functions involved in cash receipts include (1) receiving cash receipts, (2) depositing cash in bank, and (3) recording the cash receipts. 14-12. a.Two important controls pertaining to cash sales and the transaction class audit objectives to which they relate are: †¢ The customer's expectation of a printed receipt and supervisory surveillance of over the counter sales transactions helps to ensure that all cash sales are processed through the cash registers or terminals – completeness. †¢ Independent check by supervisor on the accuracy of cash count sheets, and verification of agreement of cash on hand with totals printed by a cash register or terminal – existence or occurrence and valuation or allocation. b. Two important controls pertaining to the initial handling of mail receipts are (1) immediate restrictive endorsement of checks received and (2) preparation of a multi-copy listing (prelist) of mail receipts. 14-13. a.A lockbox is a post office box that is controlled by the company's bank. The bank picks up the mail daily, credits the company for the cash, and sends the remittance advices to the company for use in updating accounts receivable. This system eliminates the risk of diversion of the receipts by company employees and failure to record the receipts. b. Depositing receipts intact daily means that all receipts are deposited; that is, cash disbu rsements should not be made out of undeposited receipts. This control reduces the risk that receipts will not be recorded (completeness), and the resulting bank deposit record establishes the existence or occurrence of the transactions. 14-14.Four controls that can aid in preventing or detecting errors or irregularities in recording cash receipts are summarized below along with potential tests of controls: |Control |Test of Control | |Independent check of agreement of validated deposit slip |Inspect a sample of daily cash summaries and examine evidence of | |with daily cash summary. |agreement with validated deposit slip by responsible employee. | |Computer check of information included in the cash receipts |Use CAATs to test computer matching of information from cash receipts | |journal with information from prelist. journal with electronic prelist. Also follow-up on how exceptions are | | |reported and examine evidence or correction of errors reported on | | |exception reports. | |Preparation of periodic independent bank reconciliations. |Examine a sample of periodic bank reconciliations. Make inquiries about | | |bank reconciliation procedures and test accuracy on a sample basis. | |Mailing of monthly statements to customers. |Observe the mailing of monthly statements to customers.Make inquiries | | |about procedures to follow-up on issues raised by customers, and examine | | |reports or other evidence of follow-up. | 14-15. a. The functions pertaining to sales adjustments transactions are: granting cash discounts; granting sales returns and allowances; and determining uncollectable accounts. b. The following three types of controls pertaining to sales adjustments transactions have as their common focus establishing the validity, or existence of occurrence, of such transactions: †¢ Proper authorization of all sales adjustments transactions. The use of appropriate documents and records, particularly the use of an approved credit memo for granting credit for returned or damaged goods, and an approved write-off authorization memo for writing off uncollectable customer accounts. †¢ Segregation of duties for authorizing sales adjustment transactions and handling and recording cash receipts. 14-16. a. The accounts receivable balance is a function of the transactions that are posted to the account, namely credit sales, cash receipts, and sales adjustments. A sound system of internal controls over these three transaction cycles that ensure the completeness and accuracy of these transactions, should also ensure the completeness and accuracy of account receivable. b.The primary control over the balance involves sending monthly statements to customers and having an independent function to receive and follow-up on any issues raised by customers. c. The rights and obligations assertion for accounts receivable involves selling, or factoring, cash receipts. If an entity sells its receivables, it should keep a documentary record of the rece ivables that have been sold or pledged, and have a process for following up on collection of those receivables and the reduction of the related liability to the factoring agent. These records should be compared with monthly statements received from a bank or factoring agent. d.Public companies normally control establish controls over the presentation and disclosure assertion and related audit objectives through an effective and independent disclosure committee. The disclosure committee should have individuals who are knowledgeable about GAAP and the transactions being processed. 14-17. The following table provides example controls and tests of controls for each assertion (and transaction level audit objective) related to credit sales and cash receipts. Examples emphasize programmed control procedures where appropriate. Student should note that tests of controls should also emphasize testing computer general controls, observing exception reports, and testing manual follow-up of items that appear on exception reports. Credit Sales Assertion (Audit Objective) |Control |Test of Controls | |Existence and Occurrence (Occurrence) |Computer matches sales invoice information |Submit test data where invoice data does not match | | |with underlying shipping information. |with underlying shipping information. | |Completeness (Completeness) |Computer prints a report of all goods |Submit test data with shipments that have not been | | |shipped but not billed. |billed to test accuracy of report of all good shipped | | | |but not billed. |Existence and Occurrence / Completeness |Comparison of invoice date with the |Submit test data with shipments in one period and | |(Cutoff) |accounting period when goods were shipped. |billing in the subsequent period. | |Valuation and Allocation (Accuracy) |Computer matches sales prices with |Submit test data with invoice prices that do not match| | |authorized price list and sales order. |the authorized price list or sales order. | |Presen tation and Disclosure |Computer matches customer number on sales |Submit test data the customer information on the sales| |(Classification) |invoice with customer number on sales |invoice does not match the underlying sales order. | | |order. | |Rights and Obligations |If an entity sells its receivables, it |Observe and reperform procedures for documenting | | |should keep a documentary record of the |receivables that have been factored or sold. | | |receivables that have been sold and it | | | |should compare that record with monthly | | | |statements received from a factoring | | | |company. | | Cash Receipts Assertion (Audit Objective) |Control |Test of Controls | |Existence and Occurrence (Occurrence) |Independent check of agreement of cash and |Observe and reperform manual controls to check | | |checks with cash count sheets and prelist. |independent check of the prelist with the cash | | | |receipts journal. | |Completeness (Completeness) |Independent check of agreement of cas h and |Observe and reperform manual controls to check | | |checks with cash count sheets and prelist. independent check of the prelist with the cash | | | |receipts journal. | |Existence and Occurrence / Completeness |Preparation of periodic independent bank |Observe and test the accuracy of independent bank | |(Cutoff) |reconciliations. |reconciliations. | |Valuation and Allocation (Accuracy) |Independent check of agreement of cash and |Observe and reperform manual controls to check | | |checks with cash count sheets and prelist. |independent check of the prelist with the cash | | | |receipts journal. |Presentation and Disclosure |Mailing of statements to customers. |Make inquiries about mailing of monthly statements to | |(Classification) | |customers. Observe notes and procedures used to | | | |follow-up upon questions raised by customers. | |Rights and Obligations |If an entity sells its receivables, it |Observe and reperform procedures for documenting | | |should keep a documen tary record of the |receivables that have been factored or sold. | |receivables that have been sold and it | | | |should compare that record with monthly | | | |statements received from a factoring | | | |company. | | 14-18. a. The transaction classes that should be considered in assessing control risk for accounts receivable assertions are: credit sales, cash receipts, and sales adjustments. b.In assessing control risk for the existence or occurrence account balance assertion for accounts receivable, the following transaction class control risk assessments should be considered: †¢ Existence or occurrence for sales transactions that increase accounts receivable. †¢ Completeness for cash receipts and sales adjustments transactions that decrease accounts receivable. c. A revised acceptable level of detection risk for tests of details and a revised level of substantive tests must be determined for an assertion when the relevant final or actual inherent risk assessments, contr ol risk assessments, and analytical procedure risk assessments, differ from the planned assessed levels. 14-19. The following table explains some example preliminary audit strategies for each financial statement assertion in the context of the audit risk model. Assertion |Inherent Risk |Control Risk |Analytic Procedures Risk |Test of Details Risk | |Existence and |Maximum due to revenue|Low if internal |Moderate to high depending on|Moderate which will allow for smaller sample sizes| |Occurrence |recognition problems. |controls over the |reliability of expectation |and changing the timing of confirmations of | | | |occurrence of sales are|model. |receivables. It will also reduce the extent of | | | |strong. | |cutoff tests. | |Completeness |Moderate.Not a |Low if internal |Moderate to high depending on|Moderate to high which will allow for smaller | | |significant inherent |controls over the |reliability of expectation |sample sizes and changing the timing of | | |risk. |occurrence of sales are|model. |confirmations of receivables. It will also reduce| | | |strong. | |the extent of cutoff tests. | |Rights and Obligations|Moderate to high |Moderate to high |Moderate to high depending on|Low: Consider confirming with factoring agent and| | |depending on the |depending on internal |reliability of expectation |search for large unusual cash receipts. | | |entity’s ability to |controls. However, |model. | | |generate operating |control are more | | | | |cash flow. |nonroutine than | | | | | |routine. | | | |Valuation and |High or maximum due to|Moderate to high |Moderate to high depending on|The auditor can test the accuracy of receivables | |Allocation |subjective nature of |depending on internal |reliability of expectation |at gross value with confirmation. The auditor | | |allowance. |controls over |model. should consider extensive tests of the allowance | | | |collection of | |after year-end. | | | |receivables. | | | |Presentation and |Inherent risk is | Moderate to high |Maximum: Analytical |Maximum to High. It is often cost effective to | |Disclosure |usually high or |depending on internal |procedures are not directed |substantively test disclosures which are not | | |maximum. controls over |at testing disclosures. |complex for receivables. | | | |disclosures. | | | 14-20. In vouching recorded accounts receivable transactions to supporting documentation, a sample of debits to customers' accounts is compared to data on supporting sales invoices and matching shipping documents, sales orders, and customer orders. The evidence obtained pertains primarily to specific audit objectives derived from the existence or occurrence, rights and obligations, and valuation or allocation assertions for accounts receivable. 14-21.Both the sales cutoff test and the cash receipts cutoff test pertain to accounts receivable. The sales cutoff test involves: †¢ Examining shipping documents for several days before and after the cutoff date to determi ne the date and terms of shipment. †¢ Tracing shipping documents to sales and inventory records to establish that the entries were made in the correct accounting period. †¢ Inspecting invoices for a period of time before and after the cutoff date to ascertain the validity and propriety of the shipments and corresponding entries. †¢ Inquiring of management about any direct shipments by outside suppliers to customers and determining the appropriateness of related entries.In performing a cash receipts cutoff test, the auditor may be present at the balance sheet date to personally observe the promptness of the cutoff. In particular, the auditor determines that all collections received prior to the close of business are included in cash on hand or in deposits in transit and are credited to accounts receivable. Alternatively, the auditor may review the daily cash summary and validated deposit slip for the last day of the year. Both cutoff tests relate to the occurrence and completeness audit objectives for accounts receivable. 14-22. a. It may not be necessary to confirm accounts receivable when: †¢ The balance is immaterial to the financial statements. †¢ The use of confirmations would be ineffective as an audit procedure. The auditor's combined assessment of inherent risk and control risk is low, and that assessment, made in conjunction with the evidence expected to be provided by analytical procedures or other substantive tests of details, is sufficient to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level for the applicable financial statement assertions. b. Factors to be considered in choosing the form of confirmation request are (1) the acceptable level of detection risk and (2) the composition of the customer balances. The positive form is used when detection risk is low or individual customer balances are relatively large. The negative form should be used only when all three of the following conditions apply: †¢ The acceptable level o f detection risk for the related assertions is moderate or high. A large number of small balances is involved. †¢ The auditor has no reason to believe that the recipients of the requests are unlikely to give them consideration. c. When no response is received after the second or third positive confirmation request to a customer, the auditor should apply such alternative procedures as (1) examining subsequent collections and (2) vouching open invoices comprising the customer's balance. Alternate procedures may be omitted when both of the following conditions apply: †¢ There are no unusual qualitative factors or systematic characteristics related to the nonresponses, such as that all nonresponses pertain to year-end transactions. The nonresponses, projected as 100% misstatements to the population and added to the sum of all other unadjusted differences, would not affect the auditor's decision about whether the financial statements are materially misstated 14-23. a. The aged trial balance is used primarily in assessing the adequacy of the allowance for uncollectable accounts. b. Procedures applied to the aged trial balance include (1) footing and crossfooting the aged trial balance and comparing the total to the general ledger balance for accounts receivable and (2) testing the aging of the amounts shown in the aging categories by examining supporting documentation such as dated sales invoices. c.After testing the accuracy of the aged trial balance the auditor should perform the following procedures to draw a conclusion about the fair presentation of the allowance for doubtful accounts. †¢ Examine past due accounts for evidence of collectability such as correspondence with customers and outside collection agencies, credit reports, and customers’ financial statements. †¢ Discuss collectability of accounts with appropriate management personnel. †¢ Evaluated management’s process for estimated the allowance for doubtful accounts using hindsight. †¢ Evaluate the adequacy of the allowance given information about industry trends, aging trends, and collection history for specific customers. d.Hindsight allows auditors to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s process for estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts. The reliability of management’s process for developing this accounting estimate can be gauged by evaluating estimates in prior periods and the degree to which those estimates accurately estimated subsequent uncollectable accounts. 14-24. GAAP disclosure for accounts receivable include: †¢ Disclosure of receivables from employees, officers, affiliated companies and other related parties. †¢ Appropriate classification of material credit balances. †¢ Appropriate classification of current and noncurrent receivables. †¢ Disclosure of pledging, assigning, or factoring receivables.

Cause of Children Obesity: Marketing of Unhealthy Foods Essay

â€Å"Daddy, there it is†¦ please stop,† my kids yell and scream from the back seat of the car as we pass by the signature golden arches of McDonalds. My children recognize the golden arches, the leprechaun on Lucky Charms cereal, and all the characters from Tinkerbell, to Dora to Scooby Doo on all the boxes of fruit snacks. Yet no one is screaming for a stick of cheese, an apple, or a banana at snack time. It’s amazing really, that foods loaded with extra calories, sugar, and fat have a colorful, fun friend attached to enhance their marketing and foods that are healthier like milk, cheese, bread and chicken do not. Everywhere you look from TV, billboards, to creative packaging unhealthy foods are being pushed to our young consumers in an irresistible manner. The US rate for childhood obesity and health issue is at an all-time high and yet we wonder why. The Marketing of unhealthy food to children, has led to the overwhelming health issues in the lives of our present generations. The creative presentation of sugar loaded, calorie laden and salt ridden snacks makes it nearly impossible for parents to offer healthier snacks to their children or to fight obesity with healthier living, therefore leading to the health issues. The advertising of unhealthy foods makes it difficult for parents to encourage healthy eating to children and leads to the obesity of the youth. Unhealthy fast food is posted all over the place and it is designed to grab the attention of the consumer on all levels. In the majority of cases it’s cheap, fast, and convenient and the packaging and presentation makes it almost impossible to say no. There are very few advertisements that focus on healthy choices for kids. I disagree, that the marketing of unhealthy foods makes it impossible for parents to present other alternatives. I do believe that marketing creates more enticing alternatives, but in my opinion it’s ultimately the parents decision what to give a child and no one is forcing them to make that decision. There are plenty of ways to present healthier alternatives to children that make them more appealing, yet they may be more time consuming and at times not seen as being as economical. However, I personally did a little experiment where I compared the amount I spent eating out for an entire week breakfast, lunch and dinner to the amount spent purchasing healthier foods and preparing my meals at home. At the end of the week I had spent $10 less eating at home than I did eating out. Yes, it was more time consuming but as they say anything worth having is worth fighting for and what is a little time when it comes to your children’s health and well-being. The second major issue with creative marketing of unhealthy foods is the difficulty it creates in fighting obesity and promoting a healthier lifestyle. Most favorite snacks and meals that are encouraged are high in calories, salt and sugar which lead excess weight gain and cause non-communicable diseases like high blood pressure and juvenile diabetes. They also are not high in nutritional value, leading to low energy levels, further causing sedentary lifestyles and sluggish behavior. I disagree that marketing alone makes it difficult to encourage healthier living, because more goes into play in healthy living than what you eat alone. I believe that the advancement of technology and generation X, also encourages a very sedentary lifestyle. Young people are not nearly as active as earlier generations because technology puts everything within sitting reach for entertainment, and all the blame can’t rest on big bad food marketing. However with that being pointed out, I do believe it all goes back to parenting. In my opinion parents who encourage more active lifestyles, sports and creative alternatives to gaming systems, laptops and TV help to fight obesity. Taking responsibility for your children’s health, diets and activity levels is part of the responsibility of parenting, and to simply blame it on marketing and fast food restaurants because you don’t want the hassle of saying no repeatedly, standing your ground or being the bad guy is simply a scape goat.

A promise made to you will not necessarily be enforceable

A promise made to you will not necessarily be enforceable Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . A promise made to you will not necessarily be enforceable Consideration means that a promise made to you will not necessarily be enforceable in the courts unless you can establish that you have  given something  for it. Suppose I promise to deliver a ton of gravel to you next week – you get your shovel and barrow ready, and I don’t turn up. I probably would not be liable to you in damages, because you haven’t given anything in return, and merely getting your barrow ready would not be sufficient reliance to make it enforceable. However, if at the time of making the arrangement, you said that you would pay me $10 per ton for the gravel that would be sufficient consideration.  A promise to pay  is sufficient to count as  giving something, even though the promise is not to be put into effect for some time yet.’’ What is Constitute Consideration? Consideration is one of the three essential elements of a valid contract. A promise is made withou t consideration; it does not constitute a valid contract and cannot be enforced in law. Only the contract that has valuable consideration is a valid contract. In a common promise unconfirmed by consideration is not a binding contract. A promise is give without consideration but is intended by the parties to affect an existing contract between them which has been acted upon by one party, and then such promise may be used as a defence by the party to enforce the existing contract. Valuable consideration has been defined as some right, interest, profit or benefit accuring to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other at his request. Consideration may be executed or executor, but it may not be past, it need not be adequate, but it must be of some value; and it must move from the promise. In the case of Thomas v Thomas (1842) 114 ER 330, QB, the court held that even though the payment of  £1 a year towards the ground-ven t was a very small sum, it was a valuable consideration and enough to complete the contract. Consideration must be clearly associated with the promise, and past consideration is generally unacceptable. In the case of Re McArdle (1951) 1 All ER 905, CA, the occupants of a house carried out various repairs and improvement, and after the work was complete the beneficial owners of the house promise to pay for this work. They did not pay and the occupants sued. The court of an application held that the consideration for the promise was past and there was no contract. In another way, the occupants failed in the suit because the beneficial owners of the house made the promise after the work was complete. In another case Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615) 80 ER 255, Common Bench said that D asked P to get him a royal pardom. P successful in obtaining to pay him  £100. The majority of breach held that where D makes a request that P does his same service is performed, D promises to pay for it th e promise and the request go together and there is a binding contract. However, the performance of an existing duty cannot constitute consideration. In the case of Collins v Godefroy (1831) 109 ER 1040, KB, D’s subpoena P as a spectator. In court and promise to pay him some fee for his time. D did not pay, in the court held that since the subpoena compulsory a legal duty on P to appear at court, this cannot constitute consideration.

Homeless Children Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homeless Children - Research Paper Example They are inadequately protected and are vulnerable to exploitation, victimization and their economic and civil rights are at a high risk of abuse. These children are continually neglected and abused especially due to the existing international indifferences to this problem. Homelessness denies the children their rights, according to the Article 27 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child, which declares that every child has a right to mental, physical, moral, spiritual and social development (Kanth, et al., 1-3). Homelessness is common in urban areas, domestic violence being one of the major causes. This forces women to move to the streets with their young children. The HIV and AIDS epidemic together with civil wars have led to increased number of street children in Africa because many children have been orphaned. Poverty is also another factor that has forced many families into streets, especially in the developing countries. In addition to this, effects on economic, political a nd social crises of a country also contribute to increased street children, because these effects are more severe on children than on adults (Vostanis and Cumella, 18-19). According to USAID, homeless children can be divided into four categories the first one being that of ‘A Child of the Streets’. These are children who move from place to place and have no homes or support from their families. The second category belongs to ‘A Child on the Street’. These children have homes and they regularly visit their families but spend most of their days in the streets due family issues like poverty and physical abuse at home. Then there is the category of those who are ‘Part of a Street Family’. These children live with the rest of their family members in the Streets because of displacement from their home areas. This may be due to such factors as poverty, domestic violence, natural disasters or war. The fourth category belongs to children ‘In insti tutionalized Care’. These are children who were previously homeless, but have been placed under the care of certain institutions – they are at risk of going back to the streets (Kanth, et al., 3). As Hart points out, homeless children usually have more needs and problems as compared to other housed children. Since they live in insecure places, problems related to development and physical health is common among them. This leads to developmental delay. They also experience emotional and behavioural difficulties like, eating problems, anxiety, reacting more intensely when upset, over-activity, depression, self-harm, sleep disturbance and aggression. Their academic performance is poor as a result of both the circumstances of their homelessness and poor cognitive development. Hart further explains the health status of these children being at risk, hence suffering from health problems like increased rates of respiratory infections, infectious diseases, chronic, anaemia, and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV, and stunted growth due to poor nutrition. They are also exposed to poor environmental factors, which contribute much to their poor health. Lead poisoning and asthma are some of the greater risks exposed to these children and with very severe symptoms as compared to their peers. Developmental delays are common in the pre-school children with about 75% of the children under the age of five years having this problem and mostly in the areas of speech or impulsivity (Hart, 4-6). As a result of stressful events, mental disorders become

Leadership Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Case Study - Essay Example Contingency leadership and management demands that there should not be any particular way of doing things as there is no universal principal of doing organizational tasks in certain way therefore his role at McKinsey may not be as per contingency approach. His other two roles i.e. at AGSM and Fairfax Holdings Limited may come under contingency leadership and management. His actions at Fairfax regarding staff lock outs, cost reductions and disinvestments all demanded a contingency approach to the management which he did. At AGSM, his role in developing the competition policy, revamping the whole idea of being a business school within the Australian Perspective. Therefore his approach at the AGSM and Fairfax holding may be termed as the change agent approach. The change agent approach believe that CEOs most critical role is to create an environment of continual reinvention, even if such an emphasis on change creates short-term disturbances such as anxiety, confusion, and poorer financi al results 2. There are various situational influences which impact the contingency leadership and management style. The most effective leadership style depends on the readiness level of group members. Readiness is defined as the extent to which a group member has the ability and willingness or confidence to accomplish a specific task. Readiness has two components, ability and willingness. Ability is the knowledge, experience, and skill an individual or group brings to a particular task or activity. Willingness is the extent to which an individual or group has the confidence, commitment, and motivation to accomplish a specific task. At McKinsey & Co, the readiness was high and in the range of R4 with high readiness. At AGSM, the scope of his job was much broader as he was heading the most prestigious business of his country therefore the role in which he was put in was the most important situational influence on Hilmer. However at Fairfax holdings, we can easily assume that his

Importance of Food Safety in Restaurants Research Paper

Importance of Food Safety in Restaurants - Research Paper Example Restaurant owners and managers should benchmark the famous example of Ray Kroc, the founder of McDonald when he canceled the license of a franchise restraint when he saw a fly. Such was his commitment to cleanliness and food safety. All restaurants should make food safety and cleanliness an integral part of their mission statements, rules and regulations and should also incorporate them into their training programs. Benefits: A good training program protects the customers from any harmful effects and so in the process, it protects the business venture. Trained employees will not just ensure food safety and cleanliness but they will also be efficient and productive. Apart from protecting the customers a good training also safeguards the health and safety of employees. Employee training also ensures their motivation and loyalty because training makes them feel that they are involved in the bigger picture. A training program also makes employees more customers driven. The point that should be of emphasis is that training should not be considered a short term solution. It should be considered a policy of continuous improvement and an ongoing process. So the new standards and techniques should be taught all the time to employees. Organizations should keep in touch with national and local organizations and authorities that specialize in food and restaurant safety and training programs. Last but not least is the fact that a good training program is a great tool to reinforce in customers a feeling that the organization cares about them and the environment they provide to them. This, in fact, is crucial in building long term relationships with them.

Research paper on three plays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research paper on three plays - Essay Example Perfect examples of how this greater knowledge can affect the dramatic irony in a literary work are: Shakespeare's Hamlet, Sophocles'' Oedipus the King and Miller's Death of a Salesman. What ties the main characters of these three plays together is that they all know what they need to do in order to fix their problems, but are unable to take action because of their own fears and cowardice. These fears and cowardice are made perfectly clear to the reader, yet the characters are unable to see themselves for who they really are. Irony binds these three plays together through the blindness of the characters and their inability to see their own realities. Shakespeare's character Hamlet can be extremely frustrating to many readers and audience members. It is perfectly clear from an outside perspective that Hamlet can't make up his mind about anything, but Hamlet himself is blind to the fact that his indecisiveness is making matters worse. Since the knowledge of Hamlet's true reality is hidden from him he becomes more and more indecisive as the play progresses. In his famous soliloquy in Act IV Hamlet asks "To be or not do be," as he tries to decide whether or not to end his life. He cannot decide is it is "nobler in the mind to suffer", questioning if it is more noble to just stick it out and suffer in life saying, "The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune." He cannot decide if it is more of a sin to live ones life in pain and suffering, or to end it knowing that what death offers will be better than what life can. His mind has become so confused and clouded that he can only focus on "The heartache and the thousand natural shocks t hat flesh is heir to". A similar circumstance can be seen in the character of Oedipus because according to the history books, Sophocles' audience came to his plays already knowing the background of Oedipus and the ironic life that fate has dealt him. This previous knowledge only builds the dramatic irony. Throughout the play Oedipus makes several allusions to sight and blindness only adding to the audience's sense of dramatic irony, making the play into the great tragedy that it is known as today. While Oedipus has no idea about the ironic relationship between his past and present, the audience does. Irony can best be seen is circumstances when Oedipus is most blind to the realities of his life. Fir example Oedipus replies to the Priest who tells him that the people of Thebes are dying by saying, "I could not fail to see this". As Oedipus tries to uncover the truth it is easy for the audience to see that he is simply a victim of fate, but at times it seems as though the irony is strong that Oedipus seems to be trying to bring all the horrendous truths into his life. It is almost as if he does in fact know the truth when he comments about the fact that he is lying in the bed of a dead king saying that a marriage would create "blood bonds" between them. In Death of a Salesman, the main character Willy is very unhappy with his life and has a hard time appreciating what he has. Here again, dramatic irony comes into play because to the outside audience Willy has a very nice life and it is only Willy's own mind that sees his life as unsuccessful. To anyone else, Willy seems to have a very normal and fulfilling life. He has a family, a job, and a nice home, but the overachieving pull of the American dream causes Willy to become discontent. The climax of the play is when Willy's son Biff says, "Pop, I'm a dime a dozen, and so are you! . . . I am not a

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM 1 writer for all 3 questions Essay

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM 1 writer for all 3 questions - Essay Example Requirement for decreasing transaction costs causes formation of economic institutions so as to achieve transactions in the framework and via it to reduce transaction costs (Williamson O. 1996). Williamson formulates a clear representation between the 3 dimensions of transactions and the cost-denigrating control structure, with diverse institutional agreements rising with special linking of these variables. Transaction in particular assets can help in earning quasi-rents and these quasi-rents render the motivation for distribution of struggle. Those Agreements which helps in influencing the allocation of the quasi-rent should be decided, supervised, and imposed. All these processes results in transaction costs. If opportunism jeopardises the persistence of the deal itself then amalgamation would be the best solution since it can successfully restrain opportunism. Williamson, Oliver E. ... (Adopted from Dnaiel 2003) Asset Specificity Asset specificity is a rationally understandable perception. It denotes to the level to which an asset can be redeployed to different uses, without surrendering its productive worth (Williamson, 1996). According to John and Weitz (1988, p 24), "Because non-redeployable specific assets make it costly to switch to a new relationship, the market safeguard against opportunism is no longer effective." Consequently, if asset specificity is high, TCE forecasts that the firm has a tendency to use more incorporated channel structures so that transaction costs can be minimised. The normal proposal has benefited some level of back up in existential research. Anderson (1985), John and Weitz (1988), Klein, Frazier, and Roth (1990), and Majumdar and Ramaswamy (1995) all feel that asset specificity is definitely linked to the point of channel integration. But, Aulakh and Kotabe (1997) could not discover a noteworthy outcome for asset specificity on channel combination. Two researchers discovered back up for the potential integration between internal uncertainty and channel integration. Anderson (1985) determines that the complexity of assessing salesperson execution is certainly linked to the utilisation of a company possessed sales force. In reality asset specificity produces a specific form of monopoly which is based on stretched link between economic agents. Considerable quantity of the transactions' unusual investment is an issue for competence. At the same time it links economic agents in such a way so that they have to reckon on each other very powerfully. There are events where the parties enlarge the specificity of the assets affected in the contract so as to protect against ethical danger. For instance

Unit 3 Seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 3 Seminar - Research Paper Example In the political arena, these sayings are tailored towards convincing the voters and the entire political allies that they simply expect the best. These phrases, slogans and sayings are representation of both truth and lie. Some of the users of these statements mean exactly what the statement outlines, while others take advantage of the audience by using convincing terms to make the audience fall prey. As much as they are used, care should be taken in order to differentiate deception from the truth. The communication characteristic of the above statements, slogans or expressions portrays a culture that is both true to type and a lie at the same time. Depending on the context within which these expressions are used, it is simple to differentiate the truth from the lies. Stereotypes are referred to as public beliefs about individuals or social groups (Bennett, 2009). These beliefs are not necessarily true. In the American community, examples of stereotypes include the belief that the African-Americans do well in sports. Another one is the belief that Mexicans went to America illegally. These stereotypes can be disputed on the ground that critical consideration of the issues they raise are vague. Although I held the first stereotype as true over a long period of time, my interaction with the African-Americans has proved otherwise. This happened out if the fact that there are many African-Americans in America who do not take part in any sport at all, and those who do are not always

Migrants and Rights Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Migrants and Rights - Term Paper Example The Constitution of the United States gives the members of the U.S.A the right to acquire education and healthcare.The Immigration Reform and Control Act in the US was followed by the introduction of many anti-immigrant bills. These bills made it much more difficult for undocumented immigrants to acquire services. In California for instance, an extreme measure was taken to disqualify undocumented immigrants from acquiring healthcare and education. This measure led to other states taking up the similar measures. This measure was aimed at reducing the population of immigrants in the states as less people would be willing to move into regions where they cannot acquire critical services such as healthcare. Moreover, through attacking this vulnerable group of immigrants, the California state made the living conditions for immigrants in the region worse thus this may have led to some of the immigrants moving back into their state of origin. Employees have the right to form unions that would advocate for their interests for instance increase in salaries and better working conditions. Undocumented immigrants majorly acquire employment in labor intensive sectors. These include agriculture, food processing, garment production, transportation and domestic services. They tend to acquire less benefits and fewer rights. Immigrants find it difficult to fight for their rights through forming unions to strive for better pay because they may acquire sanctions from their employers which make it difficult to acquire future employment.

The Importance of Socialization Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Socialization Essay The Importance of Socialization In my research I used Down to Earth Sociology as well as the video on Genie. Socialization is important for children weather they are retarded or â€Å"normal†. These three stories of Genie, Anna, and Isabelle I think show just how important socialization is, and how a lack of socialization can affect a child. All three areas of language, intelligence, and emotion are affected when a child does not receive socialization. There are some similarities and differences in each of these three cases. Genie was in isolation until the age of ten, whereas Anna and Isabelle were in isolation until the age of six. All three girls were able to gain physical motions and learn to walk. Language however was different. Genie was only able to say words and associate their meanings, but never able to properly form sentences. Also, her progress was like the progress a normal child would have in a year, but she was behind ten years from her isolation. Anna could carry on a conversation through phrases, but not sentences. Isabelle was able to form sentences and ask complicated questions and even attended junior high. I do think that the age in which the girls were found was a factor in their language abilities. It is hard to say either way considering no tests can be done, but Anna came from a family with very low IQ’s and appears to have achieved more than Genie in a shorter time period. It appears to me that Genie may have been able to broaden her vocabulary, had she been found at six rather than ten. It is suggested in the text and movie that all three girls may have had some retardation even without their extreme isolation. This of course is next to impossible to state for a fact for any of the girls, but from my readings I would conclude that Genie and especially Anna may have had some retardation and Isabelle most likely would not have. The reason I believe Genie may have had some retardation is because of the readings they found on her when she was sleeping. Even if a child was in extreme isolation, I don’t think those readings would have been found, unless she was predisposed to retardation. The one psychologist that tried to say that Genie was not retarded said so because Genie was improving every year. While she was improving every year she did hit a point where she no longer achieved any higher forms of intelligence. Also, she reached these levels at a much slower rate than both Anna and Isabelle. Anna I believe to be predisposed to retardation because both her mother and her father had very low IQ’s. The age old dispute between nature vs. nurture has been concluded that both are important for a child’s development. In Anna’s case, both were poor to say the least. In Isabelle’s case she only had a poor nurture setting and considering Isabelle achieved more than Anna in the same time period at the same age is why I believe Anna was most likely predisposed to retardation. Another factor is the girl’s emotional states. Genie was abused when she made noise and was in a lot of different homes and settings after she was found. Anna was left in dirty clothes and was also put in many homes, before and after she was discovered. Isabelle was left in a dark room with her mother who was both deaf and mute. People that are put in consolatory confinement as punishment as adults suffer many psychological issues, so it is no surprise that these girls would suffer even more as children. Also, children that are in many different foster homes, or abused also have many emotional difficulties. Then you add to that Genie and Anna’s isolation and I am sure that affected their emotional state in who they became. Another area that may have affected Genie is all the tests that were done and how hard she was pushed. Any child in a home where the parents push them to be something are stressed out and I think Genie may have been from the way she reacted in tantrums. I believe these stories prove the importance of socialization. In all three cases the girls never reached the capacity to communicate on a level past junior high. Although it is questioned why some of the girls reached a further level then the others, there is no doubt that had the girls been socialized to begin with, they would have reached a higher level of intelligence regardless of any predisposed retardation. The emotional struggles these girls had to go through most adults would struggle with, so it is no shock to me that all three girls died before their time. Something that I think could have been done differently is for a child that is found in this type of situation should be given a loving environment and not foster homes. If a child has an environment that is like a home, but is monitored by a therapist I think the child can thrive more. Isabelle had a therapist who worked with her one on one and was not tossed from home to home and she turned out the best of the three girls. If one person had genuinely cared for Anna or Genie their situations may have had a happier ending. How can you be that one person that makes a difference in someone’s life to give them a happier ending?

Bags of Reactions Lab Essay Example for Free

Bags of Reactions Lab Essay * Problem/Purpose * Background Information: The Law of Conservation of Mass was created by Antoine Lavoisier in the 18th century. This law stated that mass could matter could neither be created nor destroyed. During a reaction the bonds of the reactants are broken and form new substances. As stated in the Law of Conservation, matter can neither be created nor destroyed; because of this the products should have the same number and type of atoms as seen in the reactants. * Purpose: Test the Law of Conservation of Mass. * Hypothesis: If we weight the mass of the materials before and after the reaction, then we can prove if the Law of Conservation of Mass is true. * Materials: * Goggles * 25mL graduated cylinder * 2 resealable bags * Scale * Antacid tablet * Scoopula * CaCl2 , Calcium Chloride * NaHCO3 , Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate * Universal Indicator * Procedure Part A 1. Measure 25mL of water and put into a resealable bag. Flatten air out of the bag and seal it. Record the mass in Table 1. 2. Record the mass of the antacid tablet in Table 1 3. Tip the bag sideways, and while holding the bag this way, add the tablet and water so not mix. Do not trap any extra air in the bag. Reseal the bag. 4. Let the tablet drop into the water. Observe the reaction until it comes to a complete stop. Record the observations. 5. When the reaction is complete, record the mass of the bag and its contents in Table 1. Part B 6. Add two scoops of CaCl2 to the second bag 7. Add one scoop of NaHCO3 to the bag and shake gently to mix. 8. Determine the mass of the bag and its contents. Record in Table 2. 9. Measure 25mL of water in a graduated cylinder. Add 10 drops of Universal Indicator to the water. 10. Tip the bag sideways, and while holding the solids in the upper part of the bag, pour the water into the bag so the solids don’t mix. 11. Keeping the trapped air to a minimum, reseal the bag. Hold the bag and let the liquid move from one end of the bag to the other until the contents are mixed. 12. Observe the reaction until it comes to a complete stop. Record your observations 13. Record the mass of the unopened bag in Table 2. Clean up your work and wash your hands before leaving the laboratory. * Data/Results Table 1: Antacid and Water| Mass of bag and water| 27.085g| Mass of tablet| 3.21g| Mass of bag and reactants| 30.305g| Mass of bag and products| 28.14g| Table 2: CaCl2, NaHCO3, and Water| Mass of bag and dry reactants| 4.09g| Volume of water| 25mL| Mass of water| 24.925g| Total mass of bag and reactants| 29.015g| Mass of bag and products| 27.37g| * Analysis/Conclusion A. Analysis Questions: 1. How do the values for the total mass before and after each reaction demonstrate the law of conservation of mass? The values seem to be in the same general value 2. What were three observations you made that indicated a reaction had occurred in part A? The tablet started to fizz, the bag began to fill with gas, and you could hear the tablet reacting with the water. 3. An indicator changes color when the acidity of a solution changes. What evidence is there that such change occurred in Part B? The universal indicator changed to a yellowish orange color 4. Did the reaction in Part B become more acidic or basic? More acidic B. Conclusion: The lab showed us that the Law of Conservation of Mass is correct. I feel that there were some mistakes in the lab. The size of the scale we were using was not large enough to fit the entire bag on for weighing. I feel that this affected the results we recorded for mass. If I were to redo this experiment I would be sure to use a bigger scale. I feel the data was also affected by extra air left in the bag. The results are close enough to show that the Law of Conservation of Mass is possible though when you take into accounts the problem we had with the lab.

Mockumentaries And Documentaries

Mockumentaries And Documentaries A documentary film is a film that shows true-life histories or current event exposure. A documentary film often records the truth as well as reality. In order to have the audiences attention, a documentary film also contains some entertainment value while educating the audience about the topic. Documentary is a discursive structure, which creates style of immediacy and truth, using photographic technology in order to present first-hand experience and piece of information. In addition, documentaries often take care of particular cultures, nations, ethnic groups, or regions. Documentary needs fictive element to make it appealing. Salaam Cinema and Cannibal Tour were the examples of documentary films. As for mockumentary, it is defined as a type of films that reproduces the stylistic elements of documentaries by using filming techniques. Mockumentary is a television program or movie captured in the way of a documentary film is captured but it contains fictitious and frequently mocking s ubject matter that presents in a non-fiction or documentary format. It mocks the basic characteristic and argues that documentaries try to claim. There are similarities between documentaries and mockumentaries as mockumentaries use all the documentaries codes and conventions, such as that turn a mockumentary into a documentary, be determined to show the film as a documentary even though it is not a documentary. A mockumentary is successful when it is able to combine history and present through a false lens as well as leading the audience to doubt the reality. Mockumentaries have been made to the audience to challenge the audiences beliefs as well as the directors imagination. Forgotten Silver and Quarantine are the examples of mockumentary films. Forgotten Silver (1995), by Costa Botes and Peter Jackson, is a mockumentary which records the process of life of a silent filmmaker from New Zealand, Colin McKenzie as well as his incredible progress that were lost since olden times. The film offers an interesting and entertaining take on the issues of film reality against film fantasy as well as backups eyewitness testimony or interview sessions including films and photographs. Therefore, it seemed real. It claims that this mockumentary was real because it uses all the documentary codes and conventions. Mockumentaries use the aesthetics of documentary in order to undermine any claims to truth. (2001, p.46). It captures and read the complication of real life. Mock-documentaries tend to assume an archetypal generic form rather than recognize the complexities of the genre (Roscoe, Hight, 2001, p.50). Besides, Forgotten Silver reminds us that the event actually happened as it has recorded everything in it. In Forgotten Silver, it uses interview to authenticate views. The interviewees included Jonathon Morris (archiviste), Costa Botes (Realisateur), Harvey Weinstein (Miramax Film), Leonard Maltin (Historian), Sam Neil (Actor/Realisateur), and May Belle (Research Assistant) as his wife. Film reality and film fantasy are supported by the use of real footage. Forgotten Silver uses archive footage as another documentary code to add authenticity, such as landing at Anzac Cove war footage and New Zealand City footage. Camera effect such as slow zooms has been used in Forgotten Silver in order to show the audiences that there are no exaggerate actions. Besides, pictures of Colin McKenzie throughout whole film, his pictures taken throughout his life, pictures with mother, Colin McKenzies recreated city, pictures of documents such as Deputation from the New Zealand Communist Party. Old video clips have been showed in the film such as Richard Pearses flying video, Salome John the Baptist (casting), Gallipoli Footage (Brook e McKenzie 1915), Stan the Man (Stan Wilson) spontaneous shots by Colin McKenzie. In addition, there were newspaper shots such as Richard Pearses flying video and Incredible Taking Picture Sensation. Other than that, current videos such as his journey to discover the recreated city, discovery of Salomes production storeroom, Alexandra Nevsky Attachà © Cultural de Russie prove the signed contract between McKenzie. Mockumentary filmmakers wish to engage the audience in discourses about fact and fiction. As Roscoe and Hight put it Mock documentaries foreground their fictionality, their intention is to play with, undermine or challenge documentary, rather than to seek validity through an association with the genre. (2001, p.46) Another documentary code used in Forgotten Silver is the use of texts or graphics. The names, title, year of each interviewee as well as the name, year of each video have been showed in the film. Realism in any representation, like documentaries, has also to be a construction as it is impossible to achieve a perfect match between events in a historical world and the texts that represents them (Kilborn and Izod, 1997. p40). Effects such as zoom in and highlights the important wordings on pictures, documents and newspapers have been used. Reconstruction, a re-enactment of another time or place for a different audience, a graphing of history in and through the cinematic image and taped sound, onto the present. (Rabinowitz:1994:16). This film has utilised natural sound such as old film rolling sounds and movie original background sound in The Natural Season 1908, Stan the Man and Stable Stumbles. Non-digetic sound, is defined as the background music when narrator narrates a story, such a s a dramatic background music as narrator narrates a sad scene. This has been found in Forgotten Silver as the background music for pictures such as celebration sounds when the war ended. Forgotten Silver has used reconstructions or set-ups to convey realism as another documentary code, such as old films, Made-up of McKenzies Salome production storeroom, old Egyptian statues, hand-made costumes and crafted swords and shields for Salome shooting. Mockumentaries also deconstruct the socio political stance that documentaries tend to adopt in relation to the socio historical world (Roscoe and Hight, 2001).With all the documentaries codes and conventions used in Forgotten Silver, has made the film real to be believed by the audiences. For examples, Richard Pearses flying video, Colin McKenzies first alleged talking movie and color film as well as a discovered city in West Coast. However, it was a hoax, said by the Wellington filmmaker, Costa Botes, which is also the director of Forgott en Silver, established that it was a documentary-style programme that he co-directed with the filmmaker Peter Jackson. In addition, McKenzie was a pure fiction. Even though it was with proves from the interviews by local celebrities and film experts as well as a mockumentary adopts documentarys behaviour and codes. Quarantine (2008), directed by John Erick Dowdle, casted by Angela Vidal as a reporter for the tv show Night Shift, was on duty to spend an evening with the Los Angeles Fire Department. Therefore, she and her cameraman, Scott Percival, join the fire-fighters George and Jake to an apartment building. This film is a remake film of the Spanish Horror film REC. The film was about the owner was accused with investigating and segregating a suspected Armageddon virus for a faction. Unfortunately, the virus lost control and transform into infectious virus, which infects the man. It is the reason why the people in the building were infected. The whole building has been closed for quarantine. This mockumentary was a hoax as there are no bloodthirsty savages in the world. It was just an imagination of the director challenging the beliefs of the audiences. Footage could be seen in Quarantine as there are few scenes have been zoomed in, such as when the bloodthirsty savages are attacking human. L ightweight camera has been used in Quarantine, which has similarity with Forgotten Silver. However, there is one dissimilarity, Quarantine did not use background music, and it uses sound effects. Voice-Over has been used in the film while capturing the subjects in front by Angela. Quarantine seemed to be real as it uses documentary codes. Interviews have been made throughout the whole movie. For example, a quick interview sessions with the fire-fighters George and Jake before heading to the infected apartment. Interviews have made the film more real. The mock documentary form seems to be more typically used by film makers to parody aspects of popular culture, particularly media culture, than to encourage viewers to question their adherence to assumptions and expectations attached to documentaries. (Roscoe and Hight, 2001. p.161). In Forgotten Silver and Quarantine, they both have similarities with the documentary film, Cannibal Tours (1988), filmed by Australian director and cinematographer Dennis ORourke. They have used the skill of archival footages as they captured real images by using lightweight camera. . For that reason, it brings the audience nearer to reality as well as truth. Other than that, interview sessions and images captured with lightweight camera were done. In Cannibal Tours, there are interview sessions with the native and the tourists. It uses real footages to explain the history of how the Germans visited there before. Filmmakers have considered the problem of subjectivity and objectivity to be red herrings where they record about native peoples story. We realized that the most important thing was not the film and the information in it so much as the way this information was debated. One of the aims of such films is to provide the occasion for people to find themselves and speak about thei r own problems. The projection becomes the place where people talk and develop their awareness. (Chanan 1997:373). Documentaries hold a privileged position within society, a position maintained by documentarys claim that it can present the most accurate and truthful portrayal of the socio historical worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. They attempt to create a position for the audience in which we are encouraged to take up unproblematically the truth claims offered to us (R and H:2001, p.6, 23). Even though mockumentaries have documentary codes, it is still a fictional documentary, which is also called as a hoax. A documentarys interviews are based on the interviewees true opinions whereas a mockumentarys interviews are based on ready-made scripts. Mockumentaries cannot be viewed as real as everything is ready-made. It is not real images such as documentaries. In Salaam Cinema (1994), by Mohsen Makhmalbaf, a film about people who would like to become famous. It is real as it captures the crowd by using lightweight camera. The crews were captured in the frame, not behind the camera. A handheld camera work and head shots convey a realistic sense of an historical truth. For example, the scene where people were trampled in a way it was real because people will do that but in salaam cinema, it was provoked. The usage of handheld camera could be seen in Quarantine to convey realism as it captures live images. Mockumentaries manipulates the truth in a documentary manner. It is used to convey a constructed or ones imagined view. In spite of the similarities in terms of its documentary codes, a mockumentary can never equal to a documentary. It is still, a fictional documentary. The whole agenda and practice of a mockumentary is to edit certain parts of a footage or image to present the constructed message and omit the parts where they are not coherent with the constructed message, re-make artifacts and a set of actors to be interviewed based on ready-made scripts. Hence, a documentary is to tell its audiences of the truth and findings while a mockumentary tries to manipulate a belief and convey an imagined view. The emerging of mockumentaries in our recent days of film industry has raped the pride of a documentary. Documentaries now are less promising compared to the olden days where there are no mockumentaries. It ripped off the value in researching and producing of a documentary as it leav es documentary in shades of doubts by the viewers. It is now hard to authenticate a documentary and disproof a mockumentary. Some critics claim that mockumentaries are a waste of time and resources as in the end of a day, the viewers gain nothing but a bad joke. However, the decision lies in the viewers ability to ensure clear validity of what they watch and what they believe. After all; a mockumentary is only an illusion where it manipulates within the premise of a viewers belief.

liberation of ireland Essay -- essays research papers

Liberation of Ireland The 1916 Easter Rising The Easter Rebellion, was an armed uprising of Irish nationalists against the rule of Great Britain in Ireland. The uprising occurred on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, and centred mainly in Dublin. The chief objectives were the attainment of political freedom and the establishment of an Irish republic. Centuries of discontent, marked by numerous rebellions, preceded the uprising. The new crisis began to develop in September 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, when the British government suspended the recently enacted Home Rule Bill, which guaranteed a measure of political autonomy to Ireland. Suspension of the bill stimulated the growth of the Citizen Army, an illegal force of Dublin citizens organised by the labour leader Jim Larkin (died 1948) and the socialist James Connolly (1870-1916); of the Irish Volunteers, a national defence body; and of the extremist Sinn FÃ ©in. The uprising was planned by leaders of these organisations, among whom were the British consular agent Sir Roger David Casement, the educator Padhraic Pearse (1879-1916), and the poet Thomas MacDonagh (1878-1916). Hostilities began about noon on April 24, when about 2000 men led by Pearse seized control of the Dublin post office and other strategic points within the city. Shortly after these initial successes, the leaders of the rebellion proclaimed the Independence of Ireland and announced the establishment of a provisional government of the Irish Republic. Additional positions were occupied by the rebels during the night, and by the morning of April 25 they controlled a considerable part of Dublin. The counteroffensive by British forces began on Tuesday with the arrival of reinforcements. Martial law was proclaimed throughout Ireland. Bitter street fighting developed in Dublin, during which the strengthened British forces steadily dislodged the Irish from their positions. By the morning of April 29, the post office building, site of the rebel headquarters, was under violent attack. Recognising the futility of further resistance, Pearse surrendered unconditionally in the afternoon of April 29 . The British immediately brought the leaders of the uprising to trial before a field court-martial. Fifteen of the group, including Pearse, Connolly, and MacDonagh, were sentenced to death and executed by firing squad. Four others, including ... ...m. In June, Irish voters ratified a treaty strengthening political and monetary integration within the European Community. Presidents DOUGLAS HYDE 1938-1945 (+1949) SEAN THOMAS O'KELLY 1945-1959 (+1966) Fianna FÃ ¡il EAMON DE VALERA 1959-1973 (+1975) Fianna FÃ ¡il ERSKINE HAMILTON CHILDERS 1973-1974 (+) Fianna FÃ ¡il CEARBHALL O'DALAIGH 1974-1976 (+1978) Fianna FÃ ¡il PATRICK J. HILLERY 1976-1990 Fianna FÃ ¡il MARY ROBINSON 1990-1997 Labour MARY MCALEESE 1997- Fianna FÃ ¡il Taoiseachs (Prime Ministers) EAMON DE VALERA 1932-1948 (+1975) Fianna FÃ ¡il JOHN A. COSTELLO 1948-1951 (+1976) Fine Gael EAMON DE VALERA 1951-1954 (+1975) Fianna FÃ ¡il JOHN A. COSTELLO 1954-1957 (+1976) Fine Gael EAMON DE VALERA 1957-1959 (+1975) Fianna FÃ ¡il SEAN F. LEMASS 1959-1966 (+1971) Fianna FÃ ¡il JACK M. LYNCH 1966-1973 FIanna FÃ ¡il LIAM GOSGRAVE 1973-1977 Fine Gael JACK M. LYNCH 1977-1979 Fianna FÃ ¡il CHARLES HAUGHEY 1979-1981 Fianna FÃ ¡il GARRET FITZGERALD 1981-1982 Fine Gael CHARLES HAUGHEY 1982 Fianna FÃ ¡il GARRET FITZGERALD 1982-1987 Fine Gael CHARLES HAUGHEY 1987-1992 Fianna FÃ ¡il ALBERT REYNOLDS 1992-1994 Fianna FÃ ¡il JOHN BRUTON 1994-1997 Fine Gael BERTIE AHERN 1997- Fianna FÃ ¡il

Technology Increases Happiness :: Happiness Essays

Technology has changed our lives but, has it made our lives any better? Some believe technology makes people happier because, people always want to upgrade their electronics to new, more efficient pieces of equipment. People have been progressing for thousands of years, and we still are. Researchers are always looking to improve current technology and come up with modern, efficient devices to improve our lives. If society were to stop emerging with new inventions, I feel we would be very unhappy. I believe that the leading edge of technology is what makes us happy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The microwave is a prime example of technology making us happy. If we were to get rid of the microwave, many people would be angry because it is a very helpful and time saving device. If there was no microwave people would not be able to defrost the ground meat they forgot to leave out, nor would they be able to cook a hot pocket for lunch when they were short on time. Some people believe that items that are efficient make society happy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology is, in some forms, directly related to happiness. Simple devices have been developed to make almost every aspect of life easier. Remote controls, laptop computers, palm pilots, and cellular phones are just a few examples of how technology is able to make life easier. People who own a new high grade computers are glad to have them because computers make simple task in life easier, as a result taking away stress. A lot of modern technology is taken for granted, but without theses devices, people would surely feel the loss since their lives would be more stressful, so today's technological devices truly do make up happier, or keep us happy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are hundreds of hobbies and jobs that exist because of modern technology. There are hobbies and jobs for all ages and taste that would not exist if it were not for the help of modern technology.

milhouses revenge :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Milhouse is from the simpsons. Blah, Blah.Annotated Bibliography Clark, Andrew. â€Å"Pat Bullard: Working the Room for Roseanne.† http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue 06.24.93ARTSco0624.htm *A perspective from a writer from the show telling how Roseanne wanted to make her show based on a real family and that she wanted to be true to her audience. Good secondary source with commentary from an actual writer from the show. Lindley, Margaret. â€Å"Roseanne†. Australian Journal of Comedy. Volume 2, Number 1. 1996. *Talks about controversial issues that the show covers and gives an analysis of how the show deals with them. Also talks about each character and the issues they go through. Talks about family relationships as well as relationships outside of the family. Wolcott, James. â€Å"On Television: Roseanne Hits Home.† The New Yorker: New York, October 1992. *Shows that â€Å"Roseanne† is one of the few television shows to ever really show what a true American family is like. Tells how Roseanne exemplifies the problems that a normal American family has, and doesn’t give a false faà §ade as to the perfect life of an American family. The actual show. (we don’t know how to do a bibliography for this one -please help) *We’ll show examples of actual episodes to prove our report. TV-Guide.com. http://www.tvguide.com/tv/shows/ShowPage.asp?iProgramID=3738 *Talks about each specific episode and the topic it covers. Lecture 10 - Kingdom Animalia: Vertebrate Phylogeny and Diversity 1.5 lectures I. Phylum Chordata A. Characteristics (Fig 34.1) 1. Notochord 2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits 4. Muscular postnatal tail B. Protochordata 1. Cephalochordata - Lancets (Fig 34.3) a. Adults - chordate characteristics persist b. Filter food through pharyngeal slits 2. Urochordata - Tunicates (Fig 34.2) a. Larvae - have chordate characteristics b. Adults - sessile filter feeders, lacking some chordate characteristics (no post anal tail, notochord, spinal cord) C. Vertebrata 1. Vertebrae - segmented cartilaginous or bony protection around the nerve cord (spinal cord) 2. Greater cephalization a. Skeleton includes cranium and vertebral column i. replaces notocord as main axis of body ii. may be bone or cartilage b. Support greater mobility and activity II. Chordate/Vertebrate Phylogeny (modify Fig 34.6) A. Split #1 - bearing or lacking vertebrae 1. Lacking - protochordates (Urochordata & cepahlochordata) 2. Bearing - vertebrata B. Split #2 - bearing or lacking jaws (Fig 34.8) 1. Lacking - agnathans (lampreys) 2. Bearing - all other a. Jaws evolved from gill arch skeletal elements C. Split #3 - bony or cartilaginous skeleton 1. Cartilagenous - chondrichthyes 2. Bony - all other D. Split #4 - fins or limbs 1. Fins - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) 2. Limbs - tetrapods a. Evolution - from lobe finned fishes, tetrapod condition may have evolved prior to lungs (Fig.

Mother’s love Essay

The relationship of a daughter and mother who is kindhearted and caring towards her daughter is one of the most valuable person a child has and should take for granted. In the short story by Anna Quindlen called â€Å"Mothers† is about a nineteen year old girl who her name was never mentioned in the story. The narrative has lost her mother and is trying to accept the reality that she is gone. The nineteen-year-old girl describes her life situation as if her mother was still alive, mentioning, â€Å"taking care of the wedding arrangements, or come and stay for a week after the children were born.† The young girl is conflicted over the thought of fantasies and reality, realizing that if her mother were still alive she would have strongly bonded with her and value every single moment. The short story begins with the nineteen-year-old girl, observing two women at a corner table in the restaurant. It was an older woman with her daughter spending quality time. The narrative d escribed her-self as â€Å"kind of vest pocket†, meaning she emotional feels empty and is stuck with no were to go. The narrative was wishing she had valued that moment with her mother when she had that opportunity. The girl seemed that she holds a regret inside of her because she did not have a good relationship with her mother.

The Book of Dead and the Ten Commandments

The Hebrew Ten Commandments and Egyptian Book of the Dead are considered very different religious texts. Therefore, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy, the Ten Commandments hold a vital position in the ethical system of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It served as a symbol of God’s guidance and presence with his people (â€Å"Ten Commandments†). Ten Commandments is much important than the book of dead because there’s no life after deaf. Firstly, The Ten Commandments and the Book of the Dead are words written for people to obey.The Ten Commandments are ten statements Christians live their lives by, while the Book of the Dead contains spells that aid the soul in navigating the underworld. In Christian religion, the Ten Commandments serve as a summary of the divine law given to Moses by God. After leading his people out of slavery, Moses and his followers came upon Mt. Sinai. Scaling this mountain, he received the Law which would form the basis of God's Covena nt with Israel.The purpose was to practice a life of obedience and dedication to God in order for spiritual salvation to be achieved. Secondly, The Ten Commandments serve as a template for people to use as a model for their life. For the Egyptians, the Book of the Dead isn't so much a religious set of laws, but more as a traveler's guide through the underworld. The Egyptians believed that, though death was inevitable, it was also survivable. To navigate the underworld, spells written in the Book of the Dead were used by the soul of the decease.The Book contains a list of statements that bear a resemblance to the Ten Commandments, both in nature and phrasing. The souls of the dead were required to pass two different tests. The first was the weighing of their heart against the feather of Truth. If they passed this test, then they moved on to the second. It required the deceased to recite a negative confession at the Hall of Two Truths (â€Å"Book of the Dead†). A negative confe ssion includes the use of the phrase â€Å"I have not . . . This is strikingly similar to the â€Å"Thou shall not . . . † phrasing of the Ten Commandments. For example, â€Å"I have not reviled the God† is synonymous to â€Å"Thou shall not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. †I have not killed; I have not turned anyone over to a killer may be linked to Thou shall not kill† (Exodus).However, though Christians remain faithful to only one God, â€Å"the Egyptians believed in a myriad of gods and goddesses† (Roth Ruth). The negative confessions are coupled with the naming of 42 gods. Hail Flame†, â€Å"Hail Shining-Tooth†, â€Å"and Hail Neheb-kau† (Wikipedia). The second major difference is that the concept of a Sabbath Day is not mentioned in the Book of the Dead. In conclusion, we can say that the book of dead borrowed the concept of the Ten Commandments. Comparing a translation of the Book with the King James Version of Exodus, both texts prove to be very similar. But substantial differences such as god-worship and religious holidays serve as stumbling blocks in this theory because â€Å"before deaf there was life†( Wikipedia).

Examination of Clinical Psychology

Examination of Clinical Psychology Kristina England PSY/480 Tara Thompson University of Phoenix Clinical psychology focuses on the â€Å"assessment, treatment, and understanding of psychological and behavioral problems and disorders; in fact, clinical psychology focuses its efforts on the ways in which the human psyche interacts with physical, emotional, and social aspects of health and dysfunction† (Plante, 2011, P. 5). This paper will examine the field of clinical psychology.This paper will provide a brief overview of the history and evolving nature of clinical psychology, explain the role of research and statistics in clinical psychology, and last discuss the differences between clinical psychology and other mental health professions, including social work, psychiatry, and social psychology. Throughout the course of history, there have been many events that have laid the foundation for the development of clinical psychology; each era holding a different view and providing n ew perspective and insight as explanation.The ancient Greeks believed the Gods â€Å"were the cause of both health and illness and that the mind and body were closely interconnected† (Plante, 2011, P. 46). Moving into the Middle Ages followed the same concept of the relationship between health, illness, body, and mind; however, it was spiritual beings such as demons, sin, and witches that caused disease and insanity. The Renaissance brought new discoveries, beliefs, and insight to the table; decreasing the beliefs that the cause of disease and insanity were the result of supernatural beings or religious views.Discoveries in medicine provided information in biomedical reductionism. It was suggested that â€Å"disease and mental illness could be understood through scientific observation and experimentation rather than beliefs about the mind and soul† (Plante, 2011, P. 46). Moving forward to Freud’s time, Sigmund Freud along with his colleagues brought the notion o f the connection between the mind and body to resurface; as Freud demonstrated the â€Å"connection between unconscious conflicts and emotional influences capable of bringing forth disease† (Brown, 1940).Freud’s views of the connection between the mind and body gave an opening for the beliefs of the Greeks to reemerge; allowing a more holistic view of health to be considered as an acceptable answer regarding emotional life, and one’s health, illness, and behavior. Psychology was first established when Wilhelm Wundt developed the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879 and published the first classic psychology text in 1890 titled Principles of Psychology. The American Psychological Association (APA) was established in 1892 with G.Stanley Hall as its president and led into the creation of clinical psychology. Clinical psychology was formed not as a result of agreement of the APA, but rather in spite of it as many clinicians felt lack of support and concern for the clinical aspect of psychology. As a result more focus began to take place in clinical psychology and in 1896 the first psychological clinic was opened at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer and a future for the need and purpose of clinical psychology.The evolving nature of clinical psychology holds much in store as advancements in technology and communication fields continue to rise. There are many events that have contributed to the ever-changing and evolving nature of clinical psychology; one event in particular that significantly impacted clinical psychology is the changes made by the APA. The changes made in the publications and the revisions of the DSM, particularly regarding the ethical standards (Plante, 2011). The field of clinical psychology will continue to change with new methods and cost efficient ways reaching to expand and redefine quality mental health care.Research and statistics are a fundamental part of clinical psy chology and are, in essence, the very foundation of which it is built. Research is used to help answer questions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and human behavior as well as when investigating research questions; particularly in cases involving new, rare, or unusual phenomenon. Generally, the primary goal of research in clinical psychology is to â€Å"acquire knowledge about human behavior and use this knowledge to help improve the lives of others. Clinical psychologists use the scientific method in conducting their research activities† (Plante, 2011, P. 06); the scientific method is a way to ask and answer questions through making observations and performing experiments. The steps to the scientific method include asking a question, doing background research, constructing a hypothesis, perform an experiment to test hypothesis, analyze data, and draw a conclusion, and finally communicate the results (â€Å"Science Buddies,†Ã‚  2002). Statistics in clinical psychology a re applied to research and is used to determine whether the findings are valid and reliable so that they can be modified to accommodate, or remain the same.The differences between clinical psychology and other mental health professions can include length of education and training, point of focus, and location, or setting, of the work environment. Social workers typically hold a bachelor’s degree in social science, such as psychology or sociology, and subsequently enter a two-year graduate program to attain a master’s degree in social work; followed by two years supervised clinical experience to become licensed as a Clinical Social Worker (Plante, 2011, P. 25). Unlike with psychology, social work holds less emphasis on training in research.Psychiatrists are â€Å"physicians who earn a medical degree (MD) and complete residency training in psychiatry† (Plante, 2011, P. 24). Generally, psychiatrists receive a bachelor’s degree in premedical related fields su ch as biology or chemistry; followed by four years of medical school to obtain a MD degree. Prior to residency, a one year clinical internship is completed; however, unlike a clinical psychology internship, medical internships focus on medical training, and the residency is more so aimed to psychotherapy.Social psychology is â€Å"the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another; studying how individuals are affected by social interactions with groups and relationships† (Kinderman, 2009). Unlike clinical psychologists, social psychologists do not treat individuals suffering from mental or emotional issues; but rather observe how individuals influence one another’s behavior and attitude both individually and in group settings. According to the APA, clinical psychology â€Å"attempts to use the principles of sychology to better understand, predict, and alleviate intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behaviora l aspects of human functioning† (APA, 2009a, as cited in, Plante, 2011, P. 5). This paper has examined the field of clinical psychology. This paper has discussed the history and evolving nature of clinical psychology, explained the role of research and statistics in clinical psychology, and last discussed the differences between clinical psychology and other mental health professions, including social work, psychiatry, and social psychology.References Brown, J. F. (1940). Freud’s contribution to psychology, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 10(4), 866-868. Doi: 10. 1111/j. 1939-0025. 1940. tb05757. x Kinderman, P. (2009). The future of psychology: a view from outside. Counseling Psychology Review, 24(1), 16-21. Plante, T. G. (2011). Contemporary clinical psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Science Buddies. (2002). Retrieved from http://www. sciencebuddies. org/science-fair-projects/project_scientific_method. shtml

Correlation of Nation and Identity with Forensic Science

The current popularity of detective, crime and mystery television shows in the United States is incontrovertible. In the last few years, crime shows like Law and Order, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami, CSI: New York, Without a Trace, Law and Order: SVU, Law and Order: Criminal Intent and Cold Case from producers Dick Wolf and Jerry Bruckheimer have consistently been ranked among the top television shows in the United States. Along with this, it is important to note that most of the aforementioned shows are already in syndication.Consider for example the manner in which such shows feature the same themes depicted in various variations as is evident in other television shows such as Criminal Minds, Bones, House, and Medium. While some of the deluge of detective and crime shows may be attributed to the cable channels’ need to fill voluminous airtime, it certainly seems that the production of so many new and spin-off dramas indicates a current preoccupation with the mec hanics of crime and punishment. In lieu of this, this paper opts to discuss the manner in which crime shows depict the correlation of nationhood and identity with forensic science in the United States.I will argue that the aforementioned shows [mystery television shows] portray the connection between policing and the security of the nation. The bases for such an argument are as follows. First, mystery crime television shows counter the anxiety that individuals can defy the normative categories of justice as well as escape justice and thereby harm the fabric of society through the demonstration of ways that traces can implicate and thereby indict an individual allowing the assumed necessary entailment of punishment from the commitment of crime.Second, the depiction of the assumed causal correlation of crime and punishment in such mystery crime television shows enables the creation of a clear moral world wherein morality can be effectively deployed through police procedural formula. T hird, the portrayal of such [effectiveness of police procedural formula in the determination of the identity of the criminal] enables the affirmation of the stability of national identity. Such an affirmation is enabled through the formation of a correlation between police procedural measures [defense methods] as expressions of a policing of society and hence a securing of identities.It is important to note that the aforementioned assumptions are based upon the implicit assumption that the depiction of policing methods through the aforementioned shows categorized within the mystery crime genre enables the detached acquisition of policing functions upon the spectator [in this sense the American audience]. If such is the case, such shows thereby enable the formation of an assurance of the implementation of normative accounts of justice through the depiction of the successful methods in which policing procedures enable the aforementioned correlation of crime and punishment.It is import ant to note, however, that such an assurance is enabled without the direct participation of the spectator thereby enabling the spectator to be placed within a position wherein he is not placed in direct danger. The consequence of such, however, lies in the spectator’s ready acquisition of the depicted national identity within the aforementioned shows. It is important to note that in order for such shows to succeed it must build upon a conception of a community defined by function. Such a definition assumes that a community â€Å"is made to come into existence around certain acts, certain types of individuals, certain crimes†.The depiction of such however, must â€Å"claim to account for the public interest of the community†. Within such shows, the interest lies in depicting the manner in which moral and practical responsibility can be attained without the direct involvement of the individual. It is interesting to note that this is in direct contradiction to the trend in the past crime shows [Crimebeat and Crimesquad] wherein the individual is presented with an opportunity to have direct involvement in the surveillance of the implementation of justice within their community.This, however, can best be understood within the context of the post-September 11 incident within the United States. In the post-September 11 United States, interest in these crime shows links the effective policing of individual crimes with larger concerns about national security. Wolf’s Law and Order franchise and Bruckheimer’s CSI franchise have built their popularity by producing shows that closely resemble the first show in the series, using distinctive characters and different methods or locales to give each of the shows an individual identity.Like popular detective fiction, these shows replay and revise plots about violence and sexuality in a familiar trajectory that generally offers a reassuring final return to order. In his study of the aesthetics and appeal of formulaic narrative, Adventure, Mystery, and Romance: Formula Stories as Art and Popular Culture, John G. Cawelti defines the genre [mystery genre] as characterized with â€Å"the investigation and discovery of hidden secrets†¦the discovery usually leading to some benefit for the character(s) with whom the reader identifies†.In addition to this Cawelti further notes that within the aforementioned genre [mystery genre] there is â€Å"always a desirable and rational solution†¦this is the moral fantasy expressed in this formulaic archetype†. CSI and Law and Order are less related to the crime or thriller genres than they are to the classic police procedurals that follow the mystery formula, using clues to expose secrets and solve the crime with a ‘rational solution’.This process of investigation and exposure generally results in a conservative conclusion that reaffirms the efficacy of the detective procedure and the stability of societ y. Even in those rare cases where the police fail to apprehend the criminal or the courts fail to convict, the shows affirm that law enforcement knows the true perpetrator and they still reinforce the general efficacy of the larger system. Doubtless, the popularity of Law and Order and its spin-offs, as well as the variety of true crime forensic science shows, has influenced the production of CSI.More so than Law and Order, the CSI’s foreground forensic science and link it to detection. CSI features a familial network of colleagues occasionally studded with sexual tension and headed by a tough-yet-sensitive older male character who often functions in a paternal role. The vaguely familial structure allows a soap-opera type of social dynamic to unfold alongside the dominant detective narratives, a formula that shows more investment in character than the original Law and Order storylines, but still places detective method above characterization.In order to make the show compelli ng and fit into the detective genre, the typically specialized and limited role of the forensic scientist in collecting or testing certain kinds of evidence is expanded to the point that the accompanying police detectives need only to make the arrests [much of the questioning, deduction, confrontation falls to the forensic scientist].In this, the CSI team resembles Sherlock Holmes, who did his own forensic evidence analysis as a natural extension of his role as detective, famously trying to precipitate a reagent for hemoglobin, taking specimens of ash, or watching for family resemblances in an earlobe in order to crack a case. The CSI shows taken together seem to be mapping the United States by profiling a series of cities seen as distinctive urban centers: Las Vegas, Miami, New York. These cities are tourist destinations, known for wealth and metropolitan attractions including luxurious and fashionable clubs, nightlife, gambling and sex markets.In addition to the decadence associat ed with such centers, each is a cultural crossroads, and the shows feature characters that represent the racial and ethnic diversity of these cities. Interestingly, the body count in the CSI shows, however, is mostly white and middle class, establishing a familiar norm for the middle-American victims of crime that might reflect the popular viewing audience that seeks out the show. In her examination of the visual rhetoric of CSI, Gever notes that CSI differs from earlier police shows in that it depicts the mobilization of a historically and culturally specific kind of subject.Only CSI: New York explicitly invokes the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center [wherein the lead detective’s wife was depicted as one of those who died in the attack], but all three shows work in the context of the immediate political threat represented by individual crimes as assaults on the body politic. In other words, the shows depicted the social consequences of individual crime. In the fac e of the threat represented by crime, even a diverse society can be united in outrage against criminals.The CSI shows often depict excessively violent crime as the failure of the individual to moderate his or herself, a lack of self-policing and of effectively internalizing American values; even in a hedonistic city, it is possible to overstep the bounds of civilization. This reassuring emphasis on morality is cast in terms of combat. The investigators represent the effective deployment of the ideology of law and order, as the shows dramatize the war on crime as a noble battle with many casualties.Forensic science, on the other hand shows the notion that human beings leave traces of themselves wherever they go, inviting us to believe that the criminals will inevitably be caught by the idealized scientists who wield innovative procedures. This ideology, that science will inevitably catch our criminals and return society to a state of precarious security, if not innocence, certainly s eems to recall a religious faith that crime will not go unpunished, that good will prevail over evil. In a sense, these shows portray the manner in which lawlessness is effectively managed.Science, on the other hand is depicted as establishing the truth of identity through the body and its traces, replacing the fearsome image of the violated corpse with the firm reestablishment of the rule of science and law. As was stated in the beginning of the paper, these shows [specifically CSI shows] thereby depict the manner in which nationhood is consolidated through the use of law and science in the establishment of truth. The importance of the use of both disciplines [law and science] in ensuring the restoration of security within a nation is evident if one considers the universal foundations of both disciplines: justice and truth.Given these aforementioned foundations, it is thereby possible to portray a nation whose stability [and hence national identity] is ensured due to the universali ty of its main foundations that being justice and truth. 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