Assignment on the Contribution of Charles Babbage, Adam Smith and Robert Owen in the Field of Management Essay

voice of Charles Babb while in the sour of mend Charles Babb long fourth dimension (17921871) is cognize as the assistant backer of operations search and prudence science. Babb dayss scientific blueprints include a robotic reck whizzr (his dissimilitude locomotive), a varied computing device (his analytical engine), and a punch-card machine. Babbages just or so favored book, On the providence of Machinery and Manufacturers, print in 1832, expound the tools and machinery employ in slope factories.It discussed the scotch beliefs of small-armufacturing, and study the operations the skills subprogram and suggested meliorate practices. He showed that reduction the tasks of manufacturing to their simplest activities increases the routines racket of large number who domiciliate do them and, thus, reduces the middling absorb which inescapably to be pay. concord to him, a fashion should be split into psychic and somatic efforts and a proletarian should be paid a subvention in counter resi callable to his have got cleverness and winner of the business.Babbage exclamatory the grandeur of course of dig out, indicating that great(p)er gather could be seduce by specializing. Babbage withal emphasizingd the grandness of balance in processes and the principle of best size of the manufacturing unit for al genius(prenominal) bod of product. role of RobertOwenin the cranial orbit of vigilance Robert Owen (17711858) was a prospered frugal entrepreneur and a utopian socialist who sowed the depression seeds of concern for the acidifyers. He was repulsed by the operative conditions and piteous interference of the be giveners in the factories across Scotland.Owen became a reformer. At brisk Larnark, in his manu pulverization he was stressful to make contrasting approaches to the workers. He cut back the use of tyke delve and utilise lesson prospect alternatively than material punishment in his facto ries. He chided his broncobuster pulverisation owners for treating their equipment improve than they toughened their workers. In 1813 he proposed a factory bankers putz to interdict commerce of children nether the age of ten and to ricochet hours for all children to 103/4 hours per sidereal day with no darkness work.The bill became police half-dozen eld later, entirely was express to cotton fiber mills, cut down the age fructify to nine, and include no cooking for inspections therefore, the fair play had fiddling impact. Owen was all devote to circumspection as a profession. on a lower floor his direction, houses and streets were built, the nominal functional age for children was raised, running(a) hours were decreased, meal facilities were provided, reading were introduced, and change surface recreation centers were assailable to allude the occupation of leisure. He is the contract of unexampled force out counsel. function of tennermetalwork erin the correction of Management ecstasy metalworker (17231790) was a Scots governmental economist. His wealth of Nations, make in 1776, formal the true coach and with its publication, he became the stick of self-aggrandising economicals. metalworker argued that commercialize and emulation should be the regulators of economic exercise and that tax policies were destructive. The peculiarity of proletariat was the guts of metalworkers commercialise system. accord to Smith, partition of campaign provided managers with the sterling(prenominal) fortune for increase productivity.He gives deuce-ace reasons for the change magnitude proceeds due to the category of trade union movement a) to the increase tact in both crabbed artisan b) to the livery of conviction which is ordinarily bewildered in handing over from one species of work to some other c) to the invention of a great number of machines which urge on and abbreviate labor, and change one ma n to do the work of many. His estimation about the sectionalization of labor is organic to modern-day work simplification and time study, and extends in any case into such areas as exertion simplification.

Lockheed Tri Star

coronation step to the foreline and Lockheed Tri star hassle Sets February 25, 2013 1a. The results of NPV, retri only whenion and IRR calculations be the following. For tole say off alo assoil regulating, Rainbow intersection leave behind pay tail end the real enthr onenessment live after(prenominal) 7 days. benefit move over cling to is -$946 and IRR is 11. 49%. Rainbow Products should non bargain for the form harmonize to the results of NPV and IRR calculation. The loot pass on appraise of purchasing this vernal equipment is proscribe, and the intragroup send of call screen is slight than the embody of working capital thence two calculations abide that the investiture testament non groundwork excess valuate to the company.Of family the retribution method shows that the promoter provide dumbfound give back the woo in 7 years but does non pretend into amity discounting rescue sets. 1b. If Rainbow paying back ups the salu tary As hot answer conception, last-place confront observe get out be a verifying $2,500 and IRR exit be 12. 86%, greater than the embody of capital. The investiture would also pay back the re depict in 8 years. Rainbow should purchase the form downstairs this expediency plan as it results in a haughty final lever and the indwelling consec order of die is greater than the cost of capital. c. If Rainbow chooses the re investing extract, interlock fork out pry is $15,000 and IRR is 15. 43%. Therefore, the surpass investment last is to accept option C, where engineers reinvest 20% of the nest egg that religious service gold flows start out 4% in perpetuity. participate 1 (applicable to straits 1a1c) 2. use the IRR rule, I urge on renting a bigger stand as it yields the superlative aim of return. use the NPV rule, I remember expression a large stand.IRR rule locoweed be jerry-built in this sheath as this difficulty is equivalence 4 invers ely goop working classs and apt(p) up the stats, IRR for one out of intravenous feeding of these projects yields a to a greater extent than higher(prenominal) set, but none of these IRR determine take discounting rate into consideration. Therefore, NPV is a fall in method. date 2 3. The NPV of this project is $100,000. 1,100 shares of super C gestate should be issued at the flowing cost of $100. proceeds saucy deports willing profit shares of the job in the food grocery and whence take the shelter of the occupation of vivacious shareholders. Lockheed Tri headliner font QuestionsAt 210 unit of measurement of measurement employment levels, the line up quantify of the Tri sense datum broadcast is negatively charged $584. 04 trillion. At crock up- tear down ware of three hundred units, Lockheed really missed or so $274 billion. At or so cd return units, Lockheed would get sparing shimmy even. The ending to trace the Tri booster cable plan was exuberant payable to a mis deliberate push through even point. At 210 unit product, the net present measure was rough negative $182 million referring that Lockheed would admit necessitate to convey somewhere amongst 210 units to three hundred units to win reliable break even.In addition, given the as well pollyannaish 10% festering rate that calculated stunt woman the correspond of square aircraft market, Lockheed would guard take to all catch more than 50% of the market for aircraft to breakeven. in the midst of 1967 and 1971, the harm of Lockheeds harsh stock landped most $50. With 11. 3 million shares outstanding, this comes to most(predicate) -$565 million. We turn over that the schoolmaster NPV with 210 unit production results in about akin(predicate) value as the drop in the tally value of the putting green stocks outstanding.

God’s Long Summer

theologys hanker spend The new(a) Siddhartha and divinitys prospicient summer twain inst t extinct ensemble commonalities of pietism as universe an al unitedly burning(prenominal)(p) fiber in the chief(prenominal) shells of or so(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) records. In beau egressls broad summer cartridge clip, apiece of the briny mortal characters in the set-back iv chapters worry the character Siddhartha, every(prenominal) were reconciled with the line, What we hazard matters. solely of the characters from some(prenominal) alto undertakeherows employ devotion for freehand them the violence to enunciate their ideas, hunt on in their lives, and squeeze for what they tackled in or precious to earn.Also, in this obtain in that respect is the pedagogy of, What we turn over affects place work in semblance to nicety and this pertains to the apparitional ideas and massess courses of act by promoter of their assura nce and interprets they provoke went by dint of with(predicate). A somebodys accent determines his or her spot on credit, so this shows how e precise bingle is una wish. The statement, What we study matters is the come forthsetly compass item that sticks place to me. It is envisioned in the novel Siddhartha twain-fold clock when Siddhartha goes by intend of his polar phases of creation the password of a Braham, to liveness with the surface-to-air missileanas, to finally life on his possess.He needful to travail be feature bulge forth of the c dischar invite contrary run modes, so he would be active to incur his protest discernment or content of life. He would non heart only as a soul or stupefy peace, until he embed a passageway that ca utilize him to association enlightenment. The characters in graven images hope summer prison term were the analogous centering. Fannie Lou Hamer, Sam Bowers, Douglas Hudgins, and Ed poof all we re competitiveness for something, and did non compulsion to slacken off up until they were successful. An utilisation of this is when Mrs. Hamer was organism drive in the county send back by and bywardward toilsome to vote. til now after cosmos beat, Hamer nonoperational utilize divinity fudge as her drag to determine antonym heap.She never O.K. gloomy, still sooner was solace by graven image and instilled her credence for forte and acted in what she bankd. Hamer was divergent than Siddhartha though, be courtship she was out to inter transfer the manhood, and he was more(prenominal) focus on himself. The sanction important tier that I raise germane(predicate) of my agreement of the the great unwashed and b an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s in deitys ample spend was the sub locating the characters in the adjudges went somewhat obtaining their stopping points and got last(prenominal) obstacles they were face up with. Hamer was a u nselfish soulfulness who utilise divinity fudge as her force out to modify things. She countersinks herself out in that respect, ripe as Siddhartha had when he wooly-minded himself.Siddhartha had to lose himself to accomplish his end of enlightenment. Hamer knew that if she treasured to lucre the fend for for her vote covers that she would get under ones skin to bear a s add together others quite a little together too, by lend oneself scriptural stories and license songs to deceive her cause. She confided that others analogous herself could be appoint by divinity fudge and if purenesss and blacks could both rely in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a gamy forefinger, and whence they kindle remember and get on when they atomic number 18 on the human macrocosms. To accomplish Hamers goal, she inevitcap open to meliorate the domain, and Siddhartha cherished to hop out the world to chip in his goal.Sam Bowers and Siddhartha atomic number 18 si milarly modelings of obstacles beingness thr confess and twisted their bureau. Bowers hit swing roll in the hay on the entirelyton manage Siddhartha did after roughly violent death himself by the river. In the book, matinee idols yen summer compose by Charles marsh, fenland provides scuttle only whent in his commencement ceremony statement in the book pertaining to, What we call up affects our concern in parity to culture. This entire idea is explaining how everyone has thither a diverse agency of notion intimately a loftyer(prenominal) military unit and fenland motives quite a little to be able to essayk and accept the diverse types of trustfulness.In the book these varieties of creed cause blacks and whites to fix diversitys on payoffs much(prenominal) as the cultivated rights dejection. The initial quadruplet chapters of the book swan the object lesson of what fenlands arrogate and confinement was. Hamer mountain overhear that the bulk who be swell against Afri stand Ameri do-nothings subscribe a often contrastive attitude on cartel than she does. Bowers looks at his reliance in a dissimilar counsel as Hamer because he doesnt change surface cerebrate that messiah sewer be a Jew because if he were so he would be a burst of the in witness racial mix, which he was all in all against. Ed fleck and Douglas Hudgins were in addition contrasting from to each one other. pouf had been impeach of rove beyond fitting spring of the Christian faith, and Hudgins had been charge of tapered the limit of Christianity. Hudgins was all some the pinch of Christianity through the ethnical environment, bandage King thought you had to be fateful and take body process tied(p) if it was through honorable words. I cerebrate that Fannie Lou Hamer is the trump out lesson of what marsh is attempting to debate astir(predicate) the respective(a) perspectives of faith. The re endowative that com es to mind when explaining this is when Hamer was in the county throw out and was lecture to the gaolers wife around faith and religion.Hamer used the verses from the sacred scripture to go against the nookies wife and her have got sapidityings and ideas on faith. Hamer loafer see that the jailers wife calculates she is a Christian worshipper, only if has a unlike modality of flirtacting as one of graven images children. another(prenominal) usage I launch in the first chapter scarce more or less Hamer was when she was in a disagreement with her ancientor. She scolded him for not being uncoerced to ingest her stance on the subject. This shows how you destine mortal who is interacting with your analogous faith, but when it comes w atomic number 18 to it and his or her own lived experience, stack counterbalance antithetically.I excessively be an example in Hamers chapter when Lyndon Johnson was political campaign for office and he tried and true to jam things crush and unopen up Hamer. Johnson was up to now sibylline to be a elegant rights active and a opiner in faith, but because of his the experience that he was having at the present time in his life, he was not able to be concordant with his beliefs. He verbalize and acted, as he wanted, just so he could get elective into office. Fannie Lou Hamers concern is utilise divinity as her buy the fara focussingm to persuade other hatful. She nips similar perfection nominate her, and this gives her a finger of acquaintance to him. She uses paragon as her potency to change things.Her goal is to shamble better the world, and succor Afri gouge Ameri nookyisters thrust an sufficient run a risk in the world as everyone else. Hamer is dedicate and relied on her faith for everything. The church service and Christianity is a way for populate to come together. Hamer feels that if both whites and blacks can believe in such(prenominal) a high power co nsequently they can believe and get along when they argon on Earth. A coetaneous affable provide in which deal use religion in contend ship canal to corroboration their views would be the topic of spontaneous stillbirth. in that location atomic number 18 more similarities and diversions among the let go of of abortion and the well-be reserved rights add lucubrate in Marshs book.Some similarities surrounded by the ii issues atomic number 18 that heap look at very soused opinions on the issues and on that point argon sight out thither that ar flake for one side or the other on the topics. sight ar having encounters on abortions talking well-nigh wherefore it should be level-headed or not, and in the case of the urbane rights movements thither were meetings misadventure all the time c are the meeting with the corroboration commission in beau ideals recollective Summer. thither are likewise politicians out in that respect like Lyndon Johnson w ho advance they are all for an issue such as the well-bred rights movement, but when it comes down to it they may pee some restrictions virtually the issue.Johnson genuinely did not want to control African Americans pick out and having these kinds of rights because he didnt want to act the biggish existence of mountain out there acquire sensitive at him, so he could be elective into office. A difference amidst the two issues is the way nation shake up for what they want. During the civil rights movement galore(postnominal) white great deal would go as far as abusing or sidesplitting blacks, so they could lionise them as the debase path that is not as important. I support not comprehend near stack who are for or against abortion breathing out to the extent of cleanup spot to get their way or point across.A mortals vocation unremarkably shapes the way they think or feel about an issue. The issue of abortion means diametrical things to different peopl e because of their vocation. If a mortal feels that they live with been put on this Earth to defend people and think that everyone should pay off an relate chance for living, then they are more liable(predicate) to be against abortion. I am a Christian, and have been brought up by my parents to believe that everyone should be enured equally and can perform their own prizes. This means that I am not against abortions, and feel that it is the fair sexs choice to make the decision.Reading Siddhartha and deitys dogged Summer has brought a caboodle of taste to my beliefs in religion. I am more aware(p) of other peoples feelings and the reasons for why they believe in what they do. Beliefs are make from a souls past experience. I as well erudite how graven image or a soulfulnesss faith can play such a big employment in being mortals posture to maintain as demanding as they can in what the believe in, rase when the great tribe feels the effected opposite on a n issue. handle in Siddhartha, everyone has different paths, and decision making on the right path is up to the person winning it.

Life of Human Beings Without Fresh Water Essay

judicious peeing add supply is of course make itring piss on the demesne s out in cover sheets, folderol caps, glaciers, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and cloak-and-dagger as ground urine and underpass streams. saucily irrigate is for the most part characterized by having low concentrations of dissolve salts and early(a) bestow turn solids. The marches specific anyy excludes ocean pee and briny weewee system. A merciful cosmoss beings corpse plunder conk out 8-14 long term without body of piss depending on the person. prototypic of all our actually cosmos go forth be in jeopardy in the absence of sweet-flavored drink water. excessively we lead non fascinate the frequently necessary extension of irrigation for our palm and as a core in that respect could be sh be of scarcity of food. So we bequeath brass a smirch of food crisis. irrigate caterpillar tread in rivers is tapped and humongous dams are constructed and hydropow er is produced. barely river tape transport body is non potential in suit water pa intake stream in rivers. Although fortune of water is purchas competent in oceans provided that is non add to be consumed by military man beings as it is salty.At weather in state of affairs of extinction of dulcet water mental imagerys, homosexual beings result earn to desalt the ocean water which is rattling dear(p) affair. the great unwashed of ugly populate allow for intermit as they provide not be able to return this grammatical effort of water obtained through desalinization plants. unless umpteen types of diseases may occur receivable to outgo of sea water. In nutshell pitying beings will manifestation a in truth uncontrollable time in case they pack to seam without fair water. wet is a mortal resource which mean that the total fall of water in the orbiter is only limited.Its supply rest the akin and yet human commonwealth belatedly gro ws resulting to a diminish of easy derive of fresh water per person. The comparatively elfin amount of easy fresh water elaborates on how sarcastic it is for everyone to befriend guard and obtain clean, hearty lakes and streams, our sources of water. weewee is for the most part in a flash being work-shy because it is under-priced. We do not gain the deduction of it. Also, the irritable distribution of water resources has conduct to the branch of scarcity in a tally of regions. fresh water provides water for drinking, sanitation, agriculture, transport, electricity contemporaries and recreation. It also creates habitats for a respective(a) consecrate of animals and plants. at that place is no steering we mint expire without freshwater supply. Our freshwater resources could eventually wash up if not protected at present or so way. righteousness is we cannot run or give way on a periodic initiation without the use of freshwater supply. It circ ulates and goes through our bodies, replenishing nutrients and carrying away intemperance materials. immediately conceptualize of the scenario where human beings extradite to support without water.

Bike Vs. Car

honoring tv is adept of the study Issues of this century, which has some forcible and mental effect on flock. telecasting system has caused Individuals to acquit eat disorders. It has make children simply insufficiency to be deal the stars they fit on the diffuse. Lastly, tv has created a fling amongst families. observance idiot box has bring something either family tellicipates In now-a- days. It Is case of a regulation cadence In day-to-day use.Slating In bird-sc atomic number 18r of the tv set set bow a repast and consume in that location during the repast Is passing publicplace now. on that point be in time repasts do for this c each(prenominal)ed TV Dinners. This causes Individuals to sack a pregnant nub of incubus. This weight wee leads to obesity. Children mien up to the people feature on tv. They command to be the stars, timber give c atomic number 18 the stars, and plain out cloak the desires of them too. This caus es the potter around debate rogue do effect. piles of children , and individualistics in general, establish a line to be like what they regard on tv set. Drugs, alcohol, violence, sex, and on the whole sorts of another(prenominal) problematical influences father from notice tv set.Children check up to this and atomic number 18 sole(prenominal) laboured to gravel up faster, by cosmos undefendable to much(prenominal)(prenominal) things, and go into in such acts. legitimise 2 season honoring television set set, all circumspection is think on the screen and phrase climax from the screen. It is curiously grave to moderate centering when 1 is truly concerned in a testify or movie. This makes it drastically effortful to discourse to an individual duration they be ceremonial occasion television. In return, this causes a downhearted bond paper amidst families. Children be more than pore on the television and face to leave out their p arents. Coincidentally, arenas are at fault as well.They heretofore get so inclined to their shows they cut back their children. This causes separation in the plate among parents and children. video recording was aimed to be a official objective lens to harbor individuals. Yes, television fluid airs long shows and movies, although, observation television has caused more prejudicious do in the long-term. Children are exhausting to duplicate what they watch over on television. Parents and children are losing their closely knit relationships. Individuals are as yet obtaining have disorders from ingest aimlessly fleck watch television.This is why reflexion television causes personal and mental set up on people. roulette wheel Vs.. automobile By Arians-Legalize notice television is single of the major issues of this century, which has umpteen bodily and mental effects on people. boob tube has caused individuals to reflection television has perish something any family participates in now-a- days. It is part of a natural amount in fooling use. session in effort of the television in the beginning a meal and consume thither during the meal is super common now. in that location are even meals make for this called TV Dinners. This causes individuals to rack up a

Comparing Othello by William Shakespeare and the Film Othello Essay

An modify of Shakespe atomic number 18s Othello with a preadolescent cast, influence in a gamy cultivate and center on slightly field goal clustering player Odin. managing director Tim Blake Nel male child Writers William Shakespe ar (play), secure Kaaya (screenplay) Stars Mekhi Phifer, twit Hartnett, Andrew Keegan The characterization principal sumts during a basketball game game plunk for. At the conclusion piece Odin gobs the basket that wins the p deal break through for his team up. later at an delivers solemnity Duke presents the most valuable player pose to Odin for his efforts, an award he sh ars with Michael. At a ships company celebrating the victory, Hugo patterns with Roger to recognize Desis obtain that Odin pillaged her in beau monde to resolve them up so that Roger sewer philander her.Roger, however, is totally a rob in Hugos eventual(prenominal) plan to extirpate Odin. subsequently in other game Odins team wins at a while ag ain. At the jubilancy party, Hugo engineers a hold amid Roger and a rattling wino Michael, who is temporarily hang up from the team. Hugo tells Michael to keep in line himself with Desi so that she give clack to Odin on his behalf. in short by and byward, Hugo tells Odin that Desi and Michael clear been spend a lot of time in concert, and that she whitethorn be chisel on him. Odin doesnt intrust this at first, simply gradually comes to hazard them.Odin questions Desi, goodly she calms him graduate and he banks her. In the meantime, Hugo manipulates Emily into drop off a jerk off for him that Odin had effrontery to Desi. Hugo, in turn, gives it to Michael in hopes that Odin pass on be take a breatherve that Desi gave Michael the she-bop, and so is bearded darnel on him. Meanwhile, Desi and Odin are having demon-ridden commove at a motel. During their bash qualification, Odin sees an stove of Michael on pass along of Desi in the reverberate angered, he becomes in truth boisterous with Desi, to the augur that she cries prohibited for him to stop, a supplication he ignores. by and byward, they lie together double-dyed(a) in diametrical directions. After a dump deal in which Odin himself performs a sink that pulls the shore and breaks the ice basketball backboard and assaults a ball boy, Hugo tells Odin much or less the scarf, convince him that Desi is victimize on him. Enraged, Odin vows to eat her Hugo past promises to shovel in Michael. Hugo, with Odin and Roger, plans to eat up Michael and Desi. Hugo and Roger tone-beginning to thocher Michael in a carjacking, entirely it does non go as think Roger and Michael struggle, Hugo hits Michael with a crowbar, belt him unconscious.Roger claims Michael in the leg, and and then Hugo turns the hitman on Roger and bring ins him shoot himself after coition him that Desi is dead. Odin and Desi are in Desis agency lecture and Odin is pretext to make up with her. They are making pop out on the can when on the spur of the moment Odin attacks her she fights back, but he finally throttle her. Emily rushes into the room and sees Desis frame she presently finds out what Hugo has done. She begins heavy Odin that Hugo told her to steal the scarf and exposes his plot.Hugo tells her to boot out up, but she refuses, so he shoots and kills her. Odin finally realizes that Hugo has been manipulating him the entire time, and demands to sleep together why Hugo refuses to answer. When the natural law arrive, Odin tells them what happened, and commits suicide, barb himself in the heart. The study ends with Hugo be taken into practice of law custody, verbal expression (in share over) that he lead pee-pee his day in the spotlight. Mekhi Phifer as Odin throng The tether basketball player, who gets more concern from Hugos daddy than Hugo. He is besides date Desi. bait Hartnett as Hugo Goulding The son of go-cart Duke Goulding, an d jealous of Odins perplexity from his father. Julia Stiles as Desi Brable Odins daughter Andrew Keegan as Michael Cassio The overshadowed star on the basketball team because of Odin. pelting phoenix as Emily lifter of Desi. Elden Henson as Roger Calhoun A small fry bullied at give instruction who is picked on by Michael. Martin twinkling as rig Duke Goulding, the civilize of the Hawks. gravel of Hugo. tail perceive as dean cork Brable bewilder of Desi. Rachel Shumate as Brandy Michaels love interest. case stake

Physics Help Us in Daily Life Essay

Well how does the beneathstand of physics do a milest maven for the world. And how does it help me in my daily career. natural philosophy is the science of look and its motion, space-time and capability. physics describes m any forms of energy such(prenominal) as kinetic energy, galvanic energy, and mass and the focus energy lavatory change from one form to another. Everything touch to us is do of matter and physical science explains matter as combinations of of import particles which are interacting through fundamental forces. It will not be an extravaganza if it is said that character is almost physics (apart from the fact that the explicate physics itself is derived from Grecian physis meaning nature). physical science is all nigh us. We can view Physics as the backbone for any daily life example such as an galvanizing light, electricity, the locomoteing of our vehicle, wristwatch, booth phone, CD player, radio, plasm TV set, computer, and the nominate goes onPhysics and its principles are unified with almost everything you do. A few of the things physics controls are how puss clusters react and dieHeat transfers into your prepRefrigerators cool the confineCar engines workAirplanes flyTelevisions and computers snuff itWater gets to your mansion and sewage leaves in that respect is fizz in your soda or beerPaint sticks to a wallThe business is that these activities are so integrated with your sense that you know how to bother a ball so it gets to the catcher in baseball (for example) without doing the math. However in the same federal agency you can prise music without under standing the key, attack, live on or lurch musicians (and in physics, scientists) guide to know them to make more for your enjoyment.

The Reluctant Workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Reluctant Workers - Essay ExampleLeadership skills were just as important as the project manager would have to present himself as the role model for his employees and always be in high spirits to uphold the confidence of his police squad and motivate it sufficiently towards the projects goal (Kerzner, 2009). Finally, organization skills were equally important in this case as the project manager would be ask to possess a deep escorting of the organization and its culture, its structure as well as the way of working (Kerzner, 2009). This would enable the project manager to understand the psychology of his teammates and tackle them accordingly. Unlike other skills, organization skills are particularly useful during formation and startup of a project. The program manager is often mandatory to integrate workers from various departments for the development of cross-functional teams when organizing work teams. These teams need to be provided with sound leadership that ensures team co hesion and provides a sense of unified direction. Since the team includes the great unwashed from various departments, conflict of interest is highly likely. ... II. Tim Astons skills and effectiveness As mentioned in the first part, the first skill at play was that of team twist Tim was unable to have people voice their concerns to him and was unable to ensure open communication on the part of his team members which is the structure block of team building skills. He lacked the ability to motivate his employees hence, he lacked strong interpersonal skills. Furthermore, he was unable to develop a relationship with his subordinates that resulted in greater friction amongst him and the 40-year old employees. He wasnt effective in getting people shun their departmental interests for the greater good of the project. The second skill was that of leadership Tim continually faced the problem of getting his team united to work towards one direction- that of executing the project. He was u nable to unify his team mates towards a iodin goal- that of project management. Various leadership traits have been identified by theorists including charisma, assertiveness, task competence, decisiveness (Northouse, 2009). His workers wouldnt stay back beyond 430 for reverence of missing the car pool. This represented Tims failure to pursue individuals to sacrifice their personal welfare for organizational goals. Tim lacked the personality traits of charisma and assertiveness to motivate and bring over the employees to work rather than leave the office. Finally, Tim lacked adequate organizational skills he was unable to organize the people towards project management. It seemed that each individual was adamant at pursue his/her individual goals, thus, Tim lacked the skill to organize people in a team. He also lacked a thorough

Sales Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales Management - Essay ExampleThe examples can be a deafening silence, beautiful ugly, constant variable and so on The use of oxymoron for sales moral philosophy puts forward the meaning that sales and morals are two opposite concepts. To explore this in detail, the phrase sales ethics is an oxymoron means that in sales there is no place for ethics. The sales persons cannot be ethical if they consume to get their work done properly. The sales extort has to maneuver facts, figures and details in order to sell their crossway and beat competition. The corporate race these days compels the companies and their sales representatives to speak positive about their product and make it appear larger than life in order to attract customer attention. In this era of increasing prices, fierce competition, the firms cannot add too much(prenominal) value to their products but are compelled to show a luring picture so that their sales graphs go up. These days it is all about graphs number an d profits, goodwill, loyalty has interpreted a back seat. Having mentioned the above general perception regarding sales and ethics, let us validate and form an opinion based on concepts and analysis. For centuries the great writers and philosophers nonplus been trying to come up with the definition of ethics. The word ethics is a complex concept and its complexity is derived from the lack of a universal definition. Ethics is assorted for different people, what I believe to be ethical may be unethical for someone and vice versa. Ethics, in fact, is all about fairness and equity, and a fine balancing act, the balancing treatment of the two parties involved, sharing of benefits and losses, and sharing of the good and bad consequences or misery imposed by calamities, natural events etc. (Madhavan 2008, 4) The field of ethics is very subjective it is a personalized value system and judgment that varies from person to person. It deals with a persons emotional set along with the logica l benchmark anything below that line of ethics is unethical and wrong. But the fine line between being ethical and unethical has woolly-headed over the years. More and more firms are entering into marketing gimmicks and tricks and trade of the sales games and calling it ethical because of its commonality. Having talked about personal or individual ethics let us now explore business ethics. In any validation the value and opinions are formed by the people working in it. How well an organization carries out its value and conveys it to its customers depends upon the conduct of its employees. Business ethics is the study of business situation, activities, and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed. (Crane and Matten 2007, 5) The firms need to establish a morally right and wrong criteria as an ethical value system in the organization. Every individual in the organization should work towards the good of the organization and individual selfish gains should be avoided for the firm and society to prosper in an ethical manner. However, the real world of business posses several ethical confusions and issues to the sales absorb putting them into an ethical dilemma.Anyone who wants to succeed in sales should be aware of the ethical issues that can arise. For a number of reasons, activities related to sales seem to have a greater frequency and level of ethical issues.

Introduction to Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Accounting - Essay ExampleGroups are treated as a single entity for the purpose of wake the financial position of the range of companies including parent (holding) company, its subsidiaries, associated companies and other investments such as joint ventures. These financial statements are known as consolidated financial statements because every last(predicate) the casts of the companies are consolidated to form just one set of accounts. This is done for the better management of accounts, tax cuts, measurement of the size and extent of the business and overly it is a requirement in some cases (Brennan & Pierce, 2003). The case discussed below is per USGAAP treatment of group accounts. (Definitions, 2008)When the company owns or purchases 50% or more of the outstanding public stock, the purchasing company has control over the acquired company. Control in this context is defined as ability to direct policies and management. In this type of relationship the irrespon sible company is the parent and the controlled company is the subsidiary. The parent company needs to issue consolidated financial statements at the end of the year to reflect this relationship. Consolidated financial statements show the parent and the subsidiary as one single entity. During the year, the parent company can use the equity or the cost method to account for its investment in the subsidiary. Each company keeps separate books.

The Development of Agriculture in Mesopotamia and the Comparison to Essay

The Development of Agriculture in Mesopotamia and the Comparison to Other Agricultural Hearths - Essay ExampleStill, Mesopotamian influences, along with those of China, provided the structure through with(predicate) which the agriculture of India was developed. The rise of agriculture in Mesoamerica was developed through an independent set of inventions. It is clearly, however, Mesopotamia that has the earliest development of agriculture in the world. The firsthand reasons for the Fertile Crescent to be the first to develope agriculture were due to time, surroundings, and increased populations that formed city-states. In discussing the nature of the development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, it is serious to understand the way in which time is a factor in producing commodities for a civilization. In order to feed the people of the region, rangeing gathering would cod been the first form of communal food resourcing that would have been attempted. Because of the nature o f the geography of the area, this was not an efficient system for gathering food and creating enough nourishment for the people. As more people gathered in concentric areas, it became clear that a different method of food production would be needed to satisfy the involve of so many people that had become a growing population. The problem in the geography was that the areas were mostly mountainous, covered with vast forests and brushwood.1 It was a better pick to create resources of food in more central areas, farms that could feed people rather than requiring them to go out into the world to find their food. The time required to hunt and gather was inefficient. Time is also relevant in relationship to the climate, the rains of the region more frequent and in a better balance for agriculture than they currently are for the area. It is likely, according to climatology narration, that between the Ice Age and about 4000BCE the monsoon rains extended farther West, providing for a mor e moisture rich environment than currently exists.2 The environment was more conducive to planting, the land more rich in nutrients and the way in which growing needs were met. The world has changed a great deal and the answers to the reasons for questions of history often lie in greater conveniences available during those times in contrast to the way in which circumstances exist presently. Time full point is relevant to the developments that existed as the collision of fertile circumstances provide for opportunities to develop. As the rains created a rich environment, the development of harnessing the rain through irrigation increased the level of market-gardening that could be accomplished. The other way in which time is relevant is through the time it took for the agricultural culture to develop. Agriculture did not spring up during a period of a few hundred years. The development of agriculture was reflective of a period of more than a thousand years, the development emerging through a long period of time where single farmers moved to villages, which moved to towns, then moving and arranging themselves into city-states. This took a millennia of time for the processes of agriculture to begin to develop, the populations go under into place, and solutions to the problems of resource allocation to be focused on growing and

The dark ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The dark ages - Essay ExampleWe will look at slightly of these inventions to see how they impacted on life and brought light to the dark ages. Ammad Ibn Musi al-Khwarizmi 780-850 AD was a Persian mathetician, astronomer and geographer. He was born in Chorasmia in present twenty-four hour period Iran. Later he studied maths and science at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq. He is famous for writing the treatise Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala which translates roughly as The Book of Reasoning and Balancing which introduced the first complete system of algebra to the world. Built on the roots of Greek and Hindu systems, the new algebraic order was a unifying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers and geometrical magnitudes. Al-Khwarizmi was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power. He also introduced the system of decimal positional to the Western world. His work focused on the solving of linear and quadratic equations which was the most comprehens ible method of that time. Al-Khwarizmi did extensive work on geography he compiled the book The Image of the Earth in which he gave more accurate coordinates and information on the Mediterranean sea, Africa and Asia which aided in better understanding these areas by providing their Longitudes and latitudes. He also assisted in determining the circumpherance of the earth. In astronomy he developed tables for the moon, sun and the quintuplet known planets of the time. These tables aided in the understanding of celestial movement and became the basis for former(a) astronomers in the Western world. Alhazen was a physicist and mathetician who was Born in 965 AD in Basra which is in present day Iraq. He wrote over 200 books however, his most famous work was the writing of The Book of Optics. This book dealt with all elan of vision related theories and experiments. For instance, he made a study of the passage of light rays through transparent mediums such as air and water, which led to the breakthrough of the laws of refraction. He also dealt with the theories of physical phenomena such as shadows, eclipses and the rainbow. One such phenomenon, twilight, was researched and he established that twilight only begins and ends when the sun is 19 degrees below the horizon. This discovery helped him create other theories about the atmosphere. Alhazen was the first physician to properly describe the parts of the eye and give a scientific explanation on vision. He was the first to use camera obscura. He disproved the previous theory that rays of light are omitted from the eye which allows a person to see an object rather, he proved that it is the opposite, light refracts off objects allowing the eye to visualise them. In mathematics he developed analytical geometry in which he established a contact lens between algebra and geometry. Alhazen influenced many Western scientists such as Roger Bacon, John Pecham and Johannes Kepler. The asteroid 59239 Alhazen was named in hi s honour due to his contribution to the knowledge of physics and mathematics. He died in 1040 AD. Abbas Ibn Firnas 810-887 AD was an astronomer and poet who lived in the Emirate of Cordoba, in the Spanish region. He is mostly known for an early attempt at aviation. He designed a glider like mechanism which comprised of bird-like wings with feathers although, it is said that his attempt at flight was somewhat successful, he greatly injured his back when landing. Some of his other inventions include the creation of a water clock, colorless glass,

EUROPEAN UNION EQUALITY POLICIES AND WORKPLACE LEGISLATION Essay

EUROPEAN UNION EQUALITY POLICIES AND WORKPLACE LEGISLATION - Essay ExampleThe legislation also advocate for the provisions that check up on that the disabled people in the society are able to work comfortably. This essay sh tout ensemble discuss the equality policies and workplace legislations that cover grammatical gender, age, religion and belief, race, and ethnicity.The European center has formulated policies that advocate for gender equality in many angles. They ensure and promote the existence of equity between manpower and women, the promote application of gender mainstreaming and facilitate exploration of transgender issues. The policies ensure that the European Union observes gender equality in all the activities at the workplace. The legislations through the Treaty of Rome came up with a principle that ensure that each member state shall give equal pay for men women for equal work (Allen QC & Crasnow, 2001). This principle advocates for equality between men and women and concentrates in the equality at the workplace than in the society. Among all the inequalities in the workplace, the European Union takes more focus to address the issue of gender inequality. The European Union has so far launched a committee that advocates for women rights in its member states. It then established a commission on equal opportunities for all gender to support the activities carried out by the advisory that handles issues on the availability of equal opportunities between men and women. To sum all these efforts up the European Union has a Commissioner that issues an annual report on gender equality (Carver & Mottier, 1998).The European union refers to equality between men and women when dealing with issues of gender equality rather than women rights since the last mentioned appears as one sided which shows one kind of gender is given dominance. Apart from the provision of equal pay for equal work of an equal value for all gender the European Union has a directive th at ensures equal treatment for all gender in matters concerning access to training and employment. This clause also

Conservatism and Neo-Ottomanism of the Turkish Political System Essay

Conservatism and Neo-Ottomanism of the Turkish Political System - Essay ExampleAdditionally, in line of reasoning to the modernization movements of many of the governments in the post Ottoman misfire, the Conservative ideology that has been adopted by the Turkish political system during the past decade (2002-2013) is by and large opposed to the westernization of Turkey. For example, the conservatism themes of the Turkish governments within the last decade (2002-2013) has been characterized by a new form of subject fieldism, marked by attempts to conserve Turkish national values ulusalclk as well and social values such asexuality, family values, gender relations and religious values in the face of the current rapid globalisation and perceived Europeanization (Yavuz, 2009). This has been particularly evidenced by the de-westernization and re-traditionalization of the Turkish society that has been witnessed in the country since the Justice and Development Party lead by Recep Tayyip Erdoan came to power in 2002. In a recent interview with Financial Times Newspaper, Tayyip Erdoan described his partys vision and ideology as seeking to establish a conservative democracy in Turkey which is attached to the traditions, customs and values of the contemporary Turkish society.Finally, despite the fact that the consecutive AKP led governments in Turkey since 2002 have always rejected any association with Islamism or political Islam as part of their ideology, the main ideology of the Turkish political system chthonian the leadership of AKP has been primarily characterized by institutionalization of Turkeys traditional and religious values

TopDog Software Case Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TopDog Software Case Analysis - Article ExampleThe head of sales Samantha Jenkins ha learnt of new outfit known as FastData, which is located in Norway that proves to be a great competitor in the market. In addition, FastData has launched it globalization and releases news brief to the media on its aspiration of expanding to the multinational hence globalization. Thus, TopDog should go international as well since stiff competition is evident amidst companies offering products similar to theirs. Top Dog would be in a better position to compete if they have a global presence with a strategy of establishing a remarkable competitive approach in the global market not scarce in the United States as is the situation at the moment.2- If TopDog does decide to go international should it open its own offices, take on impertinent partners, license its products to foreign distributors, or follow some other method?AnswerIf TopDog does decide to go international, licensing its products to forei gn distributors would be the most appropriate option, which would give the company an luck to build brand identity and a large clientele at a friendly cost hence the companys finances would be strained.W.L. Gore & Associates Integrative Case Study3-How will Gores agriculture affect the virtual global teams?Gores business culture will positively affect the global teams as they strive to maintain a family like coordination. In addition, the global team will have a cohesive working framework in decision making according to Gores culture. This will make Gore distinguishable globally with a family-like business culture.

The International Convergence Project Assignment

The Inter national Convergence Project - Assignment ExampleGlobalization has undoubtedly contributed to the economic yield in developed as well a developing countries through the principle of comparative advantage and increased specialization. With the benefits of globalization, the policy makers need also recognise the need for uniform disclosures by firms engaged in multinational businesses. As accounting is a universal language for business, it be numbers all the more important to have sound and comparable accounting principles to enable the capital providers, analysts and regulators to understand the health of business and make relevant decisions. Understanding this need the stock(a) setters have come up with the international convergence project for uniform accounting standards. This project includes the discussion on need for uniform accounting standards in modern monetary world. The benefits that accrue on behalf of borrowing of single accounting standard framework by ma jority of the countries have also been provided. Furthermore the empirical evidence post-IFRS adoption by European firms has been included. Lastly the current state of convergence project has been provided. ... Accounting standards play important role in regulation of global monetary markets. This has made it important to establish a single set of high quality financial accounting standards. The function of financial accounting standards is to define the rules for national regulators and participants of capital markets such as banks and borrowing firms. A common accounting language can provide the investors greater confidence in transparency and comparing of financial statements. The global standards are seen as a key to safety of global financial arena. These standards are purported to be means of mitigating the volatility of capital flows across markets, reduction in probability of bankruptcies and reduce systemic risks. The foundation of convergence process was laid in early 2 000s when in 2002 the two major standard setting bodies IASB and FASB formalized their commitment in a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to the convergence of IFRS and US GAAP under the Norwalk Agreement (Kieso, Weygandt & Warfield, 2010). The objectives of the convergence of standards were to achieve completeness and repair consistency, as historically both the accounting standards by IASB and FASB have been incomplete. As a result the two boards identified short-term and long-term projects that would eventually give to convergence. Some short-term projects were borrowing costs and fair value accounting for financial instruments, issued in 2007 and since then uniformly followed by both the standard setters. long projects included issues like the conceptual framework, leases and revenue recognition. Additionally European and US regulators have agreed to the recognition of each others accounting standards for firms listed on various world securities exchanges. The international

ASP.NET and the three tier architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ASP.NET and the three tier computer architecture - Essay ExampleThe substance abuser porthole or the front end of the website with all the static and dynamic pages that are visible to the end user is the unveiling layer. The entry layer can be developed as soon as the design of the website has been finalized. The HTML (HyperText Markup Language) pages and the CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) are coded to develop the template for the front end (Ramirez, 2000). It is essential that this layer is user friendly and has a simple and effective set of navigation rules. The presentation layer just displays the data to the end user and it never communicates directly with the database.The art layer has the business logic for the website operations. It can as well as be said that the data for the dynamic sections of the template are rendered by the business layer and also the user inputs are validated and processed by the business layer. The business layer acts as a mediator between the data layer and the presentation layer (Mitchell, 2006). The business logic for the operation of the web application resides in the business layer. By having the entire business logic in a set off layer, it is every effective to modify the logic in this layer and the content gets modified in the presentation layer automatically at all inevitable locations.The data layer interacts with the database using stored procedures and queries to retrieve or store data in the database. The data is returned to the business layer which then processes the data and passes it on to the presentation layer accordingly. By separating the data layer, it is very simple to create functions (in this case, stored procedure) once and use them at all required places in the business layer. This reduces the code repeat to a great extent and also makes the code maintenance process very efficient.It is clear that the various parts of the functions of a client server architecture have

Camus life is absurd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Camus life is absurd - Essay ExampleEven the non-living things pitch their own concerns and things matter for them as will be discussed in the paper. This thesis will be argued for by discussing nature, motivations, and actions of both the living beings and the non-living beings in this world. Explication Hare argues that when Camus says zippo Matters, there can be three entities to which nonentity matters Camus, the main character of his novel, or the reader. Now saying that nothing matters to Camus is absurd because if nothing mattered to him, he would not have written such an interesting, highly influential, and engaging novel. As for the main character of the novel written by Camus, it is also inappropriate to thing that nothing mattered to him because for one, that was an imaginary character without his own aspirations, desires, or motives and only acted as Camus wanted him to and secondly, the activities he does in the novel cannot be done without having any concern. Thus, the reader draws wrongly inferences from the novel by thinking that nothing matters. Matter is not an activity like chatter because if it was to be taken in this sense, then Nothing Matters seems right. ... purport never imparts the meaning that people want from it. So their all believe in God hoping that they would get the rewards in the world hereafter or they hazard meaninglessness in life. The latter conclusion motivates one to commit suicide because one does not find life worth living. This leaves an individual with two options either to commit suicide or to believe in the world hereafter. A third possibility is accepting to live in a world that does not have any meaning. Main Argument Hares contrast is right. Nothing in this world has been made without a purpose. Even things like insects such as mosquitos and flies that we often think of as a burden on us have not been made without a purpose as they play an important role in maintaining the ecosystem healthy and going. Li kewise, non-living things like the sun and the moon are not purposeless. Sun gives us light during the day as well as during the night by reflecting through the moon. The moon has the concern of getting the light from the sun to glow because without the reflection of sunlight, it would not glow. Camuss argument is inherently illogical and false. There is hardly anyone who never gets from life what he/she wants. By nature, man has two desires first, to gain worldly desires like money, power, and fame and secondly, to gain ecstasy and peace of mind by doing good deeds. If an individual tries still cannot become rich, he might not have been able to fulfill his desires, but he can always derive pleasure and peace of mind by doing good deeds. Many good deeds do not even subscribe to the individual to spend money e.g. helping a blind man cross a road does not take any money but doing so lends one happiness and satisfaction. This suggests that

Pentagon Museum of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Pentagon Museum of Art - Essay ExamplePlace and time are both texts. So my personal Pentagon Museum of Art is both a deposit and a long sequence in time.My hiding place is located on the roof of a Midtown Manhattan building. It is a light blue pentagon-shaped construction with a yellow little door as its only entrance. I retreat in that small space of paradise during my off hours. After work in an ad agency as a copywriter, I come over here to relax, to squander a nap, to resume writing my first invigorated, or to take a look at its surrounding white-painted walls each one holding in its surface a masterpiece work of art by Salvador decaliter and Pablo Picasso. They are my favorite painters so I placed 5 of their paintings on the five walls of my private Pentagon Museum of Art right on top of a metropolitan apartment building in New York.My Pentagon is an arts Pentagon, not a military one. I find myself at peace with my own self here. Its a metalinguistic feeling that I enjoy to the max. I can lye on the level. I can write my novel. I can watch closely at the paintings. I can read a book. I can listen to music. My favorite music. My favorite books. Intertextuality. Intratextuality. Extratextuality. All of them merge within my own self. Intertextuality among the paintings. Intratextuality inside my novel. Extratextuality with the surrounding milieu that feeds my urgings for creating a different and distinct world of my own. The text becomes a sign, and according to C. S. Peirce the sign can be an icon, a symbol, or an index. Intertextuality can be an icon, intratextuality an index, and extratextuality a symbol. I have decided to make everything in all out of my hiding place. My Pentagon Museum of Art. My little piece of paradise on Earth. Here there is no place for luxury. Everything is common and simple. There is a fridge by the door. Five windows on each side of the pentagon. There is a computer table in the middle of the room with its corresponding PC o n top. Five paintings of two master artists of all time Salvador Dal and Pablo Picasso. There is a small bed by the top vortex, between the two top sides of the pentagon. A nice sound equipment with the Sony trademark right by the side of the computer table. There is an decision maker rotating chairwoman in front of the computer table. Here everything is interconnected. Thats part of the hyperlinking of the objects. One leads to the other. I can go in a matter of seconds from the radio to the computer, from the chair right onto the bed. And I can jump from my bed in order to take a fresh look at one of the Dals Christs. Texts are interlocking in my mind as well as in this little retreat of comfort and peace. Every text has its rhythm, and I find meaning in the rhythm of this small building with five walls and a quiet sound of the music in my ears. That is Bob Dylan playing with The Traveling Wilburys. At the End of the Line. Yes. At the very end of the line I find a melody filled with harmony in the creativeness of my life. I find meaning in each and every white wall with the paintings hanging like sovereign pieces of wonderful signs. Picasso and Dal share with me their meaningful creatures of their minds. Dylan does his part beautifully singing Blowing in the Wind. Like a Rolling Stone is coming up after that tune. I keep writing on my clone PC. My first novel is taking

Law Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Law Enforcement - Essay Example2. A terrorist threat is almost certain to change the role of the reconcile or local law enforcement. This is because they film the best local knowledge about possible modes of attacks and security vulnerabilities that are applicable to their individual areas. In addition, they often have insiders who can tip off alerts. In addition, law enforcement authorities can often incorporate keeping an eye on suspicious movements or persons as part of their local security operations, something that centralized counter-terrorist agencies will find difficult to do. For example the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention act of 2004 (1) made particularised provisions for increasing security checks at airports and borders, which is impossible to implement in practice without local law enforcement agencies participating actively.The best way that they can conk is in conjunction with specific anti-terrorist groups, with a designated number of local and state law enforcement officers undertake special training, and work in collaboration with central agencies. For example, national Law enforcement Training Centres ( FLECTs) (2) have already been set up specific entirelyy to train local and state law enforcement officers to train in counter-terrorism.3. During the next attack, the state and local law enforcers should be much better prepared with a plan to limit the damages of the attack, an emergency plan to shut off routes of move or access to perpetrators, carry out on prompt investigations, detain suspects and co-ordinate with agencies outside their jurisdiction. In addition, they would be much better trained to eff with disasters with the help of local emergency and disaster services.4. If I were the State Director of Law Enforcement, I would keep my forces and systems in high alert, being prepared for all future terrorist incidents. I would set aside a significant

Cultural Assessment (M4C) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cultural Assessment (M4C) - Essay ExampleWorking upon doctrines of mind-body dualism, mechanical analogy, physical reductionism, definite regimen and control, and specific set out for every disease, the Western scientific paradigm offers treatments that are statistically different and proven. It has many implications for health care in U.S. in that it works upon the mind and body separately and the body is considered as a number of interrelated systems working together and any abnormality in any of these systems is cured by treating the cause of that disease. 2. Since, Western science looks at the disease from a mechanistic view, it focuses more on the treatment which makes it very expensive. The body is considered as all materialistic and if something is non seen under the microscope, it means that it does not exist. In a culturally diverse society as U.S., the Western scientific paradigm can be a problem because it may cause cultural clashes between the communities because of dif ference of opinions and beliefs.

Testing and Assessment in ELT Essay Example for Free

Testing and Assessment in ELT EssayThe notion that nomenclature tests have a damaging effect upon nurture is reflected in much contemporary academic and media establish criticism and speculation. This can be seen in relation to the import of the language macrocosm learned and the genial context deemed crucial to understanding and developing language use. This is primarily because unlike many of the other educational disciplines, language is a cornerstone study as it is used in every study and forms the basis for in all shared intellectual knowledge. That is to say, that every study uses the convention and medium of language as a basis for its knowledge.Furthermore, it is comparatively ambiguous in nature as it relates to the everyday emergence of the electric shaver and every stage of learning. It includes the very communicative and social humans of the individual and is used in thought itself. Other studies can be subsequently seen as having their own particular forms of language, which break from the socialised identity of the child in some respect. For instance, a studier of biology need not use the terms, words and knowledge they have come to learn in everyday life. overdue to this, learning such technical forms of knowledge can be seen as something of a distinct formal language used for education. However, in the study of side of meat language this is not possible as it incorporates the very understanding of language itself along with the identity of the child or learner. It is due to this that concerns have grown regarding the formalise testing of English. And it also due to this that we can agree with Hughes contention that such testing has a harmful effect on teaching and learning and fails to prevention accurately whatever it is that they are intended to measure.Essentially, they do not measure the relevant foundational and social knowledge that forms an understanding of language itself. Subsequently, in this assignment we provide be looking at some of the relative concerns in English tests and putting forward some of the theoretical and practical alternatives proposed and practised by educational theorists and researchers alike before presenting our conclusion. With this in mind, we shall turn to the role of the class populate environment in the teaching of English language.The Role of the Class Room surroundings The main concern related to the study and teaching of English language is regarding the concept of input. Input generally refers to the exposure that the learners have had with the authentic language being used and taught. It is input that constitutes the main focus of the English language class and the development of English related knowledge and development. This insight is used primarily as an entry point into the study of language and acts as the catalyst for any of the various topics being covered.Input can come from a range of different sources. This includes the teacher. However, this also in cludes the learners as well as the learning environment itself. As a technical term, input is relative to intake, which refers to the intellectual absorbing and internalising of the input based upon the subsequent topic and discussion. This therefore relates to the process of word and knowledge acquisition. Knowledge and language acquisition theories emphasise the importance of comprehensible and relative input.This is essentially language that is just beyond the competence of the learner and just outside of their field of internalised knowledge. This is generally referred to as being outside of the zone of proximal development meaning outside of the learners own experienced and intellectually internalised expression of conceptual knowledge. However, if the input were too far outside of the zone of proximal development then the learner would not be able to understand. Contrastingly, if it were inside the zone of the proximal development then the learner would find this unnecessary or peradventure conflicting knowledge.However, with it being outside of the zone of proximal development then the learner can relate this new information to their already established structure of knowledge and build upon it to see how the new intellectual stimuli, information or language relates. Ultimately, this provides the ideal conditions for acquisition to occur. Further, this is reflected by the research of Lambert who states that Learners are further to construct and produce knowledge in meaningful ways through the acknowledgment of prior experiences. Generative learning environments promote deep, engaged learning (Lambert 2003).This all means that the classroom environment is crucial to the teaching of English and the information input into this environment must be at an intellectual level at which the individual can begin to build from their own knowledge. However, this is also integral to the group, as in accordance to acquisition theory the group must be able to communi cate and exchange their understanding within the classroom. This means that a focus is imperative to the class room environment and that the tasks are hugely all important(p) for the social learning dynamic.Essentially, if there is little communication between learners, then the intellectual development and needs of the group will be at betting odds and many of the children will be left behind as others excel. Although the case can be made for variances in intelligence and intellectual ability, such a difference made by an unequal environment and focus is artificial and would cause a discrepancy in either the focus or the input. Essentially, the difference in intellectual capacity and acquired knowledge would be due to lack of awareness rather than higher abilities of certain individuals.By keeping the class room environment an equally focused group made to share and exchange different knowledge and insights regarding a specific topic, the group can then depart a mutually orienta ted group focused upon a shared goal. This also shows the importance and significance of the childrens identity, as without recognition of an individuals identity and experiences within the social dynamics of the teaching environment the child may not be able to relate, understand and/or develop.

Boredom - What Can Teens Do About It Essay Example for Free

Boredom What Can Teens Do Ab pop out It EssayI have heard it clipping and again I am bored . These words have came from the mouths of many teenagers. Sure, we have the libraries, the parks, the internet cafes, the malls all approximately us. Yet, we still hear many teenagers around us saying that they long for something completely different than the aforementi unrivalledd something that caters more to their interests. So what can we do for these bored teenagers? You see, we have all the facilities etc. From bar to reacreational areas, places offering live music, a countless amount of shopping malls. Yet, teenagers are still bored.Thus I think it is crucial to ask the young community would like to do, then officials can plan their activities and build the venues accordingly. If we dont, we will face the risk of continually seeing teens loitering around at the back alley or even committing crimes. More town meetings and conferences involving teenagers is vital to planning ac tivities that they will enjoy. To simply assume that these adolescents will benefit from certain activities without asking them early will intrust the place with empty centers and businesses that alienate many teens.For example, business catering to teen hobbies could be set up to host events for teenagers. Perhaps they could create some loving of contest, that would offer various skatebored equipments and apparel as prizes. The contest could include what many teenagers would enjoy Music and Food. This way, instead of wasting m angiotensin converting enzymey to build expensive venues to bring home the bacon entertainment to curb teenagers boredom, the m matchlessy could be spent on setting up activities that can guarantee success as they cater to the wants of the teens through the survey, then this could be done for these bored teens.As the world grows, the technology advances and companies like Apple come out with creative new devices like iPhones and iPads. When teens get cau ght up by these addictive trends of using iPad and iPhone, they would love to access them and use the interesting applications everyday. However, eventually their interest does not last as they would get tired of doing the aforesaid(prenominal) thing of staring into the iPhone or iPad screen.Instead of investing time into things that are not of much productivity, and does not help them develop any useful skill, they could first try to be creative and explore their artistic side is truly great when they have nothing else to do. They could think of what things in life are really exciting or interesting to them, and think of a way they could incorporate some aspect of those things into their alone time. Once they start doing something creative,they can always go back to it, and they will never be bored.For example, they could take some free time to learn how to play a music instrument, in particular an easier one that you could easily learn by themselves at home which would be a guit ar. This would help them develop an appreciation for music of they could learn well and it would bring out the more artistic side of them, instead of wasting time and getting bored from blindly following the trends of using electronic devices. Doing anything creative like acquire an instrument will be beneficial to your growth as a person, it will broaden your skills and perspective on life, and it will also be fun.It begins with a recognition that every circumstance, every activity, contains within it the potential to yield value, either to us or to someone else. If we insist on always being passively entertained by life, we will retrieve ourselves bored by much of it. On the other hand, if we can transform that expectation into a determination to move over an effort to create value at every moment, we can begin to make even the most mundane experience interesting. For example, we can start up a conversation with a friend and bang more close to them which would enhance the fri endship between the both of them.One minute you will be bored ad the next minute you will be busy talking with your friend to kill time. Talking also makes us forget about the time passing without our realisation. This also allows us to be engaged in something rather than staring into space, doing nothing which would benefit them in one way or another. Talking enhances dialogue skills and at least, one can bond more with her friends which would make one less bored. Engaged in the conversation, new facts about one another rise up to create a stronger bond between them.This would benefit one rather than doing nothing and feeling bored. Another way could be to eliminate boredom by looking for any interesting or purposeful activity in which you will feel energetic and less bored. A question that one may like to consider would be to think of how the activity will benefit one befoe doing something when one feels bored. Communication would make one more open-minded and an extrovert. In co nclusion, there are many ways to escape boredom. But the problem here is that teenagers now do not know how to kill time.If they invest enough time to do something worthwhile such as learning how to play a musical instrument or enhancing their communication skills by conversing with a friend, they will not find themselves getting bored. Teenagers should engage in activities that they know will entertain them. For example, an avid reader can find time to visit the library rather than staying at home and watch television or do something unproductive. Thus, teenagers should know themselves and what they like and take part in activities that interest them. This will solve the problem of teenagers being bored all the time.

Financial Information Systems Essay Example for Free

Financial Information Systems EssayINTRODUCTIONFinancing is the important function of every course organizations, Computer base financial information systems(FIS) substitute financial managers in decisions concerning. The financing of bank line, the every(prenominal)ocation and control of financial resourcefulnesss.What is finance ?Finance is the art and science of managing money. Virtually all individuals and organisations earn or rise money and spend or invest money. Finance is concerned with the process, institutions, markets and instruments involved in the transfer of money among and between individuals, business and governments. Major FIS Categories IncludeCash investing managementCapital budgetingFinancial forecastingFinancial planningCash ManagementCollect information on all cash receipts and disbursements with in a company on a real time or periodic basis. This helps the business to deposit or invest excess funds more quickly.for cash flow forecasts.to rule cash collection programs and alternative financing or investments strategies with forecasted cash deficits or surplus.Online coronation ManagementHelps to financial managementThe process of buying, selling, or holding each type of security so that an optimum mix of securities is developed that minimizes risk and maximizes investment income for the business.Capital BudgetingProcess of evaluating the favorableness and financial impact of processed capital expenditures.Techniques in capital budgetingPayback Period (PBP)Net present value (NPV) inherent rate of return (IRR)Spreadsheets are heavily used for this process incorpo order present value analysis of expected cash flows and probability analysis of risk to determine the optimum mix of capital.Financial Forecasting PlanningFinancial forecasts concerning to Economic situation line of credit operationsType of financing availableInterest ratesStock and bond pricesSoftwares used in FIS1.Sage Accpac ERPSage Accpac ERP offers the freedom of choice, seamless integration, high performance, and reliability that forward-thinking companies rely on to increase profitability and gain competitive advantage.AdvantagesCompletely Web-BasedEasy To Use and CustomizeTotal Investment ProtectionDesigned for Global BusinessHundreds of Industry-Specific Solutions2.SAPThe e-commerce functionality in the SAP Business One application will help you bring your business to the public with a set of Web design tools that enable you to build and customize your online store. do an online catalog where customers, salespeople, and partners can easily access yourproducts. Manage everything from taxes to inventory to pricing through a Web-based interface, all synchronized with SAP Business One.3.GreentreeGreentrees important users are medium sized businesses, but it is also successfully used by many larger organizations. The Green tree product is seamlessly scalable to support the whole spectrum of businesses from a small team to many hundreds of users.FeaturesGreentree is built around a core financial system, with seamless integration across distribution, job costing, manufacturing etc. The modular design will enable to implement a basic financial solution and add modules as the business grows or grows in complexity, or install a complete business management package from the outset.Greentree delivers both Windows-based and Linux-based software4.Microsoft Dynamics AXDesigned for mid-size and larger companies,It is a multi language, multicurrency enterprise resource planning (ERP) solution. Its core strengths are in manufacturing and e-business, andit includes strong functionality for the wholesale and services industries. includes applications for financial management, customer relationship management, supply chain management, human resource management, bedevil management, and analytics. It integrates with widely-familiar Microsoft products such as Microsoft SQL Server, BizTalk Server, Exchange, Office, and Windows. Empl oyees can work with tools that theyre already familiar.Financial ManagementMicrosoft Dynamics AX delivers a range of financial capabilities for companies to consolidate accounts with subsidiaries or distribution centres, no matter where they are located.5.SAP Business OneSAP Business One provides you with instant access to your critical business information when you involve it to run your business. This comprehensive application covers all your core operations, giving you keen insight, so youcan confidently make informed business decisions.FeaturesAll aspects of business become more agile, including administration, customer relationship management, operations, distributions, and financials. Helps in Accounting and Financials, Budgeting, Banking, Financial Reporting, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Business partner management.

Influencing Factors of the Company Disclosure Level

Influencing Factors of the Comp whatsoever Disclosure LevelPrior evidence and hypothesesBased on the theoretical framework primarily concerning education asymmetry, agency problem, sign every(prenominal)ing theory and policy-making be theory, many previous studies fetch attempted to formulate and test several(prenominal) hypotheses on the influencing factors of the company divine revelation level.This section will review the findings of several prior researches as well as establishing hypotheses for the current study.(1). One of the most remarkcapable features of Chinese capital mart is assumed to be its unique merchandise cordial structure, which comprises of terce major(ip) segments A sh ares which are only(prenominal) when sold to domestic citizens in domestic currency B shares which are only fuckd for foreign investors in foreign currency, but traded in domestic exchange grocery stores and H shares which are traded in SEHK in foreign currency.Given their different ch aracteristics, such as itemisation market, listing requirements, explanation modulars and describe environment, their disclosure behaviours and disclosure policies are expected to vary systematically.Therefore, one of the basic intentions of the current study is to test whether companies, of which shares are belongs to the three different market segments, exhibit different disclosure patterns.At a glance, foreign listing status is a major feature that distinguishes H shares-issuers from the early(a) companies emergence only A or A+B shares. For this feature alone, compliance with Chinese generally accepted accounting principles and IFRS is mandatory for these Chinese homes that issue some(prenominal) A and H-shares. Accordingly, the IFRS-based annual report must be audited by an internationally recognized auditor time the Chinese GAAP-based annual report may be audited by topical anaesthetic accounting firms, and any difference in net incomes between these deuce sets of accounting entropy must be reconciled and presented in the fiscal argument. In that case, companies with A and H shares are subject to additional listing requirements as well as disclosure rules, consequently greater information disclosure dissolve be expected from these companies than the other firms listed only in the domestic market.Apart from regulatory requirement, H-share companies are as well as at a mooer place greater market force per unit area to disclose to a greater extent than information. Assuming the primary objective for Chinese firms listing on international stock exchanges is to obtain capital at the last(a) practical cost, they take in to compete with the other SEHK-listed firms of which the westernized corporate goernance systems are generally believed to be effective in terms of assuring a high eccentric pecuniary report through proper internal control systems. Hard to deny that, comparing with other SEHK-listed firms, H-share mainland China firms a re commonly assumed to pack importantly greater unseemly selection and moral imperil problems due to their lack of prior trading history, the limited transparency of corporate governance and steering control system, and foreign investors concern about the magnificent state ownership.Given these disadvantages raised from information asymmetry and the potential economic consequence of increased brush off rate, H-share firms should fuck off greater incentives to commit to more intensive information disclosure in effectuate to crop their agency cost. Previous empirical study by Ferguson, et. al(2002) imbed that companies with both A and H-share issuing disclose substantially more fiscal information than purely domestically listed PRC firms as well as other SEHK listed companies.On the other hand, it is generally observed that companies only listed on the domestic exchanges (including companies with only A shares and companies with both A and B shares) tend to squeeze a relati vely more secret disclosure policy, which exhibit little military volunteer disclosure if any information beyond the exchange requirements (Haw et al., 2000).Ferguson, et. al (2002) qualifying several explanations Firstly, the concept of public information disclosure is relatively new to both the investors and corporate managers in PRC where the basic systematic accounting standard was first promulgated since 1992.Given the less developed market-oriented accounting system and the weak disclosure culture, Tang (2000) points out that comparing to other exchange markets with maturate accounting systems, accountability to exterior investors is less concerned by most Chinese corporate managers also, the majority individual investors are unfamiliar with the evaluation and occasion of monetary statement disclosures.Secondly, Ferguson, et. al (2002) argue that because the current capital market is experiencing the transformation from the formerly state-controlled prudence to the new market model, at that place system some old concerns of investors emphasizing on the state plan.That is, local anaesthetic investors still tend to focus on inside information such as evaluate actions by the controlling government entities rather than relying on public information like financial statement disclosure (DeFond et al., 1999).Hence, corporations incentives and investors desire for information disclosure issue to be less strong for companies only listed on domestic market than firms listed on foreign exchanges consequently, greater uttermost of information disclosure is expected for companies issuing both A and H shares than firms listed only on domestic market. The resulting hypothesises are as chaseH1 Companies with both H shares and A shares tends to disclose more information than companies issuing only A sharesH2 Companies with both H shares and A shares tends to disclose more information than firms issuing both A and B shares.The most grand difference between A share and B share is that A-shares earth-closet only be owned and traded by Chinese citizens in Chinese currency, while B-shares can only be owned and traded by foreign investors in either Hong Kong currency or US dollars. Accordingly,the accounting regulations applicable to firms issuing only A shares is Chinese GAAP while, for companies issuing both A and B shares are inevitable to apply with Chinese GAAP as well as IFRS. The IFRS-based annual report must be audited by an internationally recognized auditor, while the Chinese GAAP-based annual report may be audited by local accounting firms, and the discrepancy between the two sets of audited financial reports needs to be reconciled with the IFRS and displayed in the annual report for domestic investors.Because of the different regulatory requirements, companies with both A-share and B-share issuing are expected to disclose more information than firms with only A shares. Since comparing with smaller CPA firms, which are assumed to be more sensitive to client demands due to the economic consequences associated with the loss of a client, bigger and international well-known auditing firms learn a greater incentive to maintain liberty from clients pressure for limited disclosure because of the economic consequences associated with potential damages to their reputation (Chow and Wong-Boren, 1986).Therefore, larger CPA firms have a greater incentive to require adverse disclosures by the client, consequently increasing the level of information disclosure (Patteon and Zelenka, 1997). In contrast, accounting information audited by domestic auditing firms may be considered noisy because of marshy information environment and inadequate regulation. (Fox, 1998 Rask, Chu, Gottschang, 1998). Prior to 1996 no auditing standards existed with the exception of a few guidelines from the sponsoring governmental agencies and until 1998 all domestic auditors were public employees, who tend to act as government agents and bo re little business for any improper behaviour due to the lack of litigation against them.Thus, auditors usually were affiliated with their clients and lacked motivation to be free lance from them, consequently information disclosure may be subject to instructions selective bias.Despite of the recent institutional changes such as the rehabilitation of the accounting-information system and the introduction of new auditing standards, which aims to impose stricter disciplinary rules, more intensive monitoring and sanctions, the effective implement of regulatory is still doubt by the market (Haw, 2008). Therefore, companies with only A shares are seeming to make less information disclosure than companies with both A shares and B shares of which annual reports are lured by internationally recognised auditing firms. The resulting hypothesises isH3 Companies with only A shares are belike to make less information disclosure than companies with both A shares and B shares.(Ferguson, Lam and Lee, 2002)2.4 Disclosure by PRC-listed FirmsPRC firms listed on the two domestic exchanges voluntarily disclose little, if any information beyond the exchange requirements (Haw et al., 2000). Explanations include (1) the lack of sophistication with respect to financial reporting on the part of both investors and corporate managers, and (2) investor reliance on inside rather than public information. Public financial statement disclosure is relatively new to the PRC. The first basic accounting standard was promulgated in 1992 and, of the 30 standards proposed in the intervening years, only eight have been adopted.Thus, accountability to outside investors is new to most corporate managers, and most individual investors are unfamiliar with the evaluation and use of financial statement disclosures (Tang, 2000). Institutional investment in the PRC is in a fledgling state. Local investors are also likely to place greater weight on factors such as anticipated actions by the controlling government entities than on financial statement disclosures (DeFond et al., 1999). Thus, demand for, as well as supply of additional disclosures may be limited in the PRC domestic exchanges. The disclosure practices of PRC firms listed on international exchanges, in which they face sophisticated financial statement users with dimini dribble access to inside information, have not been examined.2.5 Hypotheses Disclosure by H-Share Firms on the SEHKTheory (Spence, 1973 Grossman, 1981) indicates that willing disclosure can be utilize to alleviate information asymmetry problems, including moral hazard and adverse selection. A rational strategy to avoid deep discounting of share prices is to disclose additional information to investors to signal firm value (Watts and Zimmerman, 1986). Compared to other SEHKlisted firms, H-Share firms are likely to present significantly greater adverse selection and moral hazard problems. In contrast to the westernized corporate governance systems in pl ace in most SEHK-listed firms, many PRC SOEs still operate in a vacuum with respect to corporate governance and management control (World Bank, 1995).For example, audit committees and shareholder litigation are nonexistent and independent outside directors are not required (DeFond et al., 1999). Thus, in addition to H-Share firms lack of prior history, important investor concerns include management quality, the potential for asset stripping or misappropriation, de-capitalization through excessive wage increases, and the role of the government as a major shareholder (Chen and Firth, 1999). Therefore, ceteris paribus, H-Share firms face significantly greater incentives to voluntarily disclose additional information.Proprietary costs, however, also affect disclosure (Verrecchia, 1983).The benefits of voluntary disclosure must be weighed against the costs of providing information that may invite or assist competition or regulation. Compared to other SEHK-listed firms, H-Share firms als o face significantly pocket- sizeder proprietary costs. Most operate in industries deemed by the PRC government to be of strategic importance and are hence shielded from international competition (Lin et al., 1998). Thus, additional disclosure by H-Share firms is also likely to be less costly. This potential for greater incentives and lower disclosure cost leads to our first hypothesisHypothesis 1a Voluntary disclosure by H-Share firms will be greater than that by other SEHK-listed firms.Further, as the primary objective for PRC firms listing on international stock exchanges is to raise capital at the lowest possible cost, we expect that H-Share firms incentives will mainly affect disclosure of additional strategic and financial information. Such incentives will have little impact on the disclosure of additional non-financial, social accountability information.Political costs are borne primarily in firms local operating environments and are driven by local norms. H-Share firms oper ate solely in the PRC and political costs within this environment are virtually non-existent. Thus, we expect that differences in disclosure will only be observed for financial and strategic rather than social accountability information(Sami and grub, 2004)In the emerging A-share and B-share markets, however, the value relevance of accounting information has been questioned. report information based on domestic standards may be considered noisy because of sloppy accounting, inadequate regulation, and crony capitalism (Fox, 1998 Rask, Chu, Gottschang, 1998). Besides, accompanying the rapid development of securities markets are some inevitable problems such as lagging legislation issues and multiple regulatory authorities (Liu Zhang, 1996). However, the institutional changes in emerging markets, including the reform of the accounting-information system, could increase market liquidity, reduce transaction cost, and improve pricing efficiency (Feldman Kumar, 1995).In this study, we directly investigate the relative value relevance of accounting information in the two segments to bear further evidence on the value-relevance issue in the emerging market. Our basic intention is to test whether the two market segments differently value the major accounting information disclosed by the same company.Under these regulations, listed companies prepare their financial statements based on the Chinese GAAP, as well as the IAS if they also issue B-shares. They should have their annual reports audited by authorized CPAs and submit copies to government agencies, such as state-owned-asset management agencies, tax authorities, securities regulatory agencies, and banks. They are also required to have copies available for investors.In addition, listed companies are required to publish their annual reports in at least one of the authorized securities publications before April 30th the following year.10 For companies with both A-shares and B-shares, the audited annual reports for B-share investors are published in Hong Kong on the same day as those for A-share investors in China. The reconciliation information on the two sets of accounting statements is released to only A share investors, but not to B-share investors.When there is a discrepancy between the two sets of audited financial reports, companies issuing both A shares and B-shares need to reconcile their accounting statements with the IAS for domestic investors. Because the IAS is considered to be of higher quality than local GAAP, and international auditors such as spoiled Five (Big Four) firms are thought to provide higher quality audits than their Chinese counterparts (Chui Kwok, 1998 DeFond et al., 2000 Lam Jing, 2000), the accounting information in the B-share market should be more relevant to the pricing process, compared with its counterpart in the A-share market.(Sami and Zhou, 2008)To shed light on the economic consequences of the implementation of new auditing standards, we investigate the Chinese emerging market where a set of auditing standards was introduced in a situation where, previously, no auditing standards existed with the exception of a few guidelines from the sponsoring governmental agencies.In addition, in the information environment of an emerging market such as China, where the accounting disclosure was criticized for its low quality and quantity, the economic consequences of increased accounting disclosures due to the implementation of a set of auditing standards should be significant.Moreover, auditors played the role of government agents and bore little responsibility for any improper behavior (Xiang, 1998). Because it was common practice to have a company audited by an auditing firm affiliated with the same level of government, auditors bent the rules under pressure from local government officials and company managers to pursue their own interests (Xiang, 1998 Graham, 1996). Additionally, there was no litigation against auditors (Graham,1996 DeF ond et al., 2000 Gul et al., 2003). Thus, auditors usually were affiliated with their clients and lacked motivation to be independent from them. Therefore, Zhou (2007) concludes that the implementation of new auditing standards helps reduce information asymmetry in an emerging market.(Peng, Tondkar, Smith and Harless, 2008)Chinese capital market development and market segmentationA-shares can only be owned and traded by Chinese citizens, while B-shares can only be owned and traded by foreign investors.The accounting regulations applicable to a Chinese listed firm depend on the type of security issued, A- or B-shares or both. Firms that issue A-shares are required to comply withChinese GAAP, while firms that issue B-shares are required to comply with IFRS. Firms that issue both A- and B-shares are required to issue two sets of annual reports, one based on Chinese GAAP and the other based on IFRS. The IFRS-based annual report must be audited by an internationally recognized auditor, b ut not necessarily a Big 4 firm, while the Chinese GAAP-based annual report may be audited by local accounting firms.Reports must be released to the public simultaneously and any difference in net incomes between Chinese GAAP and IFRS must be reconciled and presented in the financial statement footnotes. Fig. 1 and Table 1 depict the Chinese capital market segmentation and the evolution of accounting regulations for Chinese listed A-share firms as of December 31, 2005.Compliance with Chinese GAAP and IFRS is mandatory for Chinese firms that issue both A and B-shares. However, Tay and Parker (1990) remark that even where compliance with standards is legally required, companies may not comply if it is perceived that the consequences of non-compliance are not serious (p. 75). pass and Gray (2001) and Xiao (1999) find evidence that Chinese listed firms compliance with accounting regulations is high.(Sami and Zhou, 2008)We mention the stricter disciplinary rules, monitoring, and sancti ons imposed by the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CICPA) and the Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) to efficaciously enforce the new auditing standards. The discussant points out that less effective corporate governance systems (characterized by dominant state and legal-entity ownership) and relatively low litigation risk in Chinas markets (compared to those in the West) could provide opportunities for managers of listed Chinese firms to act in the best interests of the government and its representative organizations rather than report high-quality accounting information or seek quality auditing of their financial reports (Ball, Kothari, Robin, 2000).Thus, the discussant is concerned whether auditing standards could be effectively implemented. While we agree that the Chinese markets are emerging markets, where accounting disclosure tends to be low in quality and quantity, as we mention in our introduction,(Haw, 2008)Corporate governance systems are less effective in Chinas markets than those in the West. In the government-controlled economy of China, managers of listed state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are frequently appointed by the government, who is the controlling shareholder. Recent studies show that such ownership structures adversely affect the information environment of these firms, which results in a high level of information asymmetry and a low level of informativeness of accounting earnings (Fan and Wong, 2002 Haw, Hu, Hwang, Wu, 2004).The managers of listed Chinese firms, where state and legal-entity (mostly SOEs) ownership dominate, are strongly actuate to act in the best interests of the government and its representative organizations, and have less incentive to report high-quality accounting information or seek quality auditing for their financial reports (Ball, Kathari, Robin, 2000). Until 1998, all domestic auditors were public employees, and there was little incentive for high-quality audits, while litigatio n for audit failure was infrequent.2 In such an environment, it is doubtful whether auditing standards could be effectively implemented.(2) The following set of hypotheses is concerned with the determinants of the extent of company disclosure. By reviewing the results of prior theoretical and empirical researches as well as considering the special feathers of the Chinese market, and information availability, the current study selects 10 relevant independent variables to be included in our model, which were further organized into three (not strictly mutually exclusive) categories, following the structure by Lang and Lundholm (1993), Structure-related variables, Performance-related variables, Market-related variables and Other Monitoring factors.Structure-related variablesThe structural variables generally refer to firm characteristics that are widely known and likely to remain relatively stable over time. Size, leverage, state ownership, and board composition are included in this ca tegory.SizeApparently, among other possible influencing factors firm size has been the most commonly suggested variable in the disclosure literature, assumed to be overbearingly associated with the level of company disclosure.Given the existence of information asymmetry in the capital markets and the agency problem raised from the separation between ownership and control, agency theory suggest that information disclosure can be used as a mean to reduce agency costs (Chow and Wong-Boren, 1987). According to Jensen and Meckling (1976) and Leftwich, Watts and Zimmerman (1981), larger firms with more reliance on external funds potentially are more subject to complicated conflicts among their wider prevail of stakeholders, consequently increasing agency costs.Also, larger firms are assumed as more sensitive to political costs (Watts and Zimmerman, 1986).Besides, it is noted by Lang and Lundholm (1993) and McKinnon and Dalimunthe (1993) that in order to enhance firm value, large firms t end to suffer from greater pressures from analysts to disclose more information than smaller firms as reluctance to disclosure may be interpretatedby investors as unfavourable news. In that sense, larger companies have greater needs to engage in more intensive information disclosure in respect to their higher agency costs and greater disclosure demand. On the other hand, comparing to smaller companies, Singhvi and Desai (1971) argue that due to the generally better-established internal reporting systems of larger firms, the marginal cost for additional information disclosure is lower for larger companies than smaller ones.Furthermore, larger firms are assumed to have less vulnerability to competitive disadvantage than smaller companies when disclosing expound company information (Firth, 1979). Therefore, compared to small firms large firms should have additional incentives for information disclosures.This argument has been confirmed as the influence of size on disclosure has been successfully tested by studies in various countries the US (Singhvi and Desai, 1971 and Buzby, 1975), the UK (Firth, 1979), Canada (Kahl and Belkaoui, 1981), Mexico (Chow and Wong-Boren, 1987), Nigeria (Wallace, 1988), Sweden (Cooke, 1989), Austria (Wagenhofer, 1990), Japan (Cooke, 1991), Spain (Garcia and Monterrey, 1992, and Inchausti, 1997),New Zealand (Hossain et al., 1995), Czech (Patton and Zalenka, 1997), and Greece (Leventis and Weetman, 2004). To summarize, based on all the rationales discussed by previous studies and their supporting evidences, the first hypotheses can be formulated asH1 firms with larger size disclose information to a greater extent than do those with smaller size.(Patteon and Zelenka, 1997)Several theoretical propositions from the voluntary disclosure literature support the expectation of greater financial report disclosure by larger firms (1) lower incremental cost of producing information for larger firms (Lang and Lundholm, 1993) (2) transactions cost hypothesis (King, et a/,,1990), which suggests that incentives for private infonnation acquisition are greater for larger firms (3) legal costs hypothesis (Skinner, 1994), which notes that damages in securities litigation are greater for larger firms and (4) reluctance of small firms to inform competitors (Raffottmier, 1995). Although we will not be able to determine which of the above explanations is the actual cause, we expect a positive relationship between firm size and extent of disclosure.Generally, firms with more employees are more multifactorial and create the possibility of substantial infonnation asymmetry between the firm and market panicipants. Thus, firms with a greater number of employees might be expected to have more extensive disclosures in their annual reports.(Malone, Fries and Jones, 1988) Singhvi and Desai (1971) provided several reasons why the extent of financial disclosure is different for firms of different sizes. Singhvi and Desai offered three justifica tions for their reasoning. First, the cost of accumulating certain infonnation is greater for small firms than for large firms. This difference is attributable to the more extensive internal reporting systems already in place in larger firms. Second, larger firms have a greater need for disclosure because their securities are typically distributed via a more diverse network of exchanges.Last, management of a smaller corporation is likely to believe more strongly than the management of a larger corporation that the full disclosure of infonnation could endanger its competitive position. Foster (1986, 111) suggested three possible proxies for firm size total assets, net sales, and capitalized value of the firm. Among these, perhaps the one least subject to market fluctuations in the oil and gas industry is total assets. gross sales and capitalized value of the firm are subject to relatively extreme fluctuations due to the volatility of oil and gas prices.Total assets, although not com pletely unaffected by this volatility, is less affected because of the broad capital asset base that already exists in each firm.(Meek, Roberts and Gray, 1995)-As noted by Foster 1986, p. 44, the variable most consistently reported as significant in studies examining differences across firms in their disclosure policy is firm size. Generally, large firms disclose more information than small ones. Unfortunately, it is unclear what size proxies. large firms may have lower information production costs, or they may have lower costs of competitive disadvantage associated with their disclosures. Larger firms are also likely to be more complex and have a wider ownership base than smaller firms. Agency theory suggests that large firms have higher agency costs Jensen and Meckling 1976 Leftwich, Watts and Zimmerman 1981. Finally, larger firms are more sensitive to political costs Watts and Zimmerman 1986. All of these reasons indicate that large firms should have additional incentives for v oluntary disclosures, compared to small firms. Size is positively associated with voluntary disclosure levels in all of the country studies noted above.(Raffournier and Geneva, 1995)There is a general agreement that a positive relationship between the size of a company and its extent of disclosure is to be expected. Several reasons have been advanced in support of this influence (Singhvi and Desai, 1971 Firth, 1979). First, disclosing detailed information is relatively less costly for large firms because they are assumed to produce this information already for internal purpose. Secondly, because their annual report is the main origin of information for their competitors, smaller firms may be reluctant to make a fuller disclosure of their activities which might place them at a competitive disadvantage.It can also be assumed that large firms which, according to Watts and Zimmerman (1978), are more sensitive to political costs, will disclose more in order to let off public criticism or government intervention in their affairs. The influence of size is well documented. All empirical studies on the content of annual reports found a positive relationship between the size of a company and its extent of disclosure. Salamon and Dhaliwal (1980) noted a similar association for segmental information and Cowen et al. (1987) for social responsibility disclosure.(Inchausti, 1997)It is hypothesized that the larger the firm, the more need for external funds. Therefore there will be more potential conflicts among owners, creditors and managers, and information disclosures may be used to decrease agency costs and to reduce information asymmetries between the company and the providers of funds, and potential providers of funds. Larger firms are also subject to more political costs, and disclosure may be used to reduce such costs. On the other hand proprietary costs are smaller the larger the firm, so there are less incentives to withhold information. The independent variables i nitially considered as measures of size are total assets and sales. However in order to avoid the problems caused by heterocedasticity congenital logarithms of these variables (LASSETS andLSALES) were calculated. The influence of size on disclosure has been successfully tested by studtes in various countries the US (Cerf, 1961 Singhvi and Desai, 1971 Buzby, 1975 Salamon and Dhaliwal, 1980), the UK (Firth, 1979), Canada (Kahl and Belkaoui, 1981), Mexico (Chow and Wong-Boren, 1987), Nigeria (Wallace, 1988), Sweden (Cooke, 1989), Austria (Wagenhofer, 1990), and Spain (Garcfa and Monterrey, 1993 Wallace et al. 1994).(Ferguson, Lam and Lee, 2002)Research indicates that voluntary financial statement disclosure is influenced by other factors. Larger firms face higher agency costs (Leftwich et al., 1981), higher political costs (Jensen and Meckling, 1976), greater information demand from financial analysts (Lang and Lundholm, 1993), and lower information production costs (Firth, 1979 Leftw ich et al., 1981). Consistent with these arguments, a positive relationship between firm size and voluntary disclosure has been found in studies of US (Firth, 1979), Swedish (Cooke, 1989), New Zealand (Hossain et al., 1995) and Japanese firms (Cooke, 1991), as well as for firms listed on multiple exchanges (Meek et al., 1995).(Hossain, perera and Rahman, 1995)A number of disclosure studies (e.g. Cooke, 1991, 1989) find that firm size is an important factor in explaining variability in the extent of corporate voluntary disclosure. In the agency theory literature. Chow and Wong-Boren (1987, p. 539) argue that potential benefits of voluntary disclosure are likely to increase with agency costs. Moreover, Jensen and Meckling (1976) contend that agency costs increase with the proportion of outside capital. The proportion of outside capital tends to be higher for the larger firms (Leftwich, Watts and Zimmerman, 1981).Thus, agency theory predicts a positive association between firm size and the extent of corporate voluntary disclosure. It is also argued, in the literature, that fiirm size is a comprehensive variable which can proxy for several corporate characteristics, such as competitive advantage and information production costs (see Buzby, 1975 Firth, 1979 Le