Health Communication Strategies To Inform Health And Social Care Essay

Health communicating encompasses the survey and usage of communicating schemes to inform and act upon single and community determinations that enhance wellness. It links the spheres of communicating and wellness and is progressively recognized as a necessary component of attempts to better personal and public wellness ( National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) , 1989 ; Jackson and Duffy, 1998 ; Piotrow, et al. , 1997 ) . Health communicating can lend to all facets of disease bar and wellness publicity. For persons, effectual wellness communicating can assist raise consciousness of wellness hazards and solutions provide the motive and accomplishments needed to cut down these hazards, assist them happen support from other people in similar state of affairss, and affect or reinforce attitudes ( NCI, 1989 ) . Health communicating besides can increase demand for appropriate wellness services and decrease demand for inappropriate wellness services. For the community, wellness communicating can be used to act upon the populace docket, advocator for policies and plans, promote positive alterations in the socioeconomic and physical environments, better the bringing of public wellness and wellness attention services, and promote societal norms that benefit wellness and quality of life ( Piotrow, 1997 ) . It is used to forestall morbidity and mortality and to advance a impression of holistic wellness and well-being ( Nova, 2008 ) . Communication in wellness takes topographic point on many degrees, including single, group, administration, community or mass-media. Health practicians have an of import function in the betterment of single, group, or community wellness by â€Å" encouraging people to get down or increase wellness advancing behaviors and to discontinue or diminish wellness damaging behavior † ( Jones and Donovan, 2004 ) .Communication procedure is a multi-dimensional dealing ( Nova,2008 ) . Health publicity aims to cut down inauspicious wellness hazards in an full population by aiming those at high, low and no hazard. Review of the literature suggests that mass media communications runs addition consciousness, information seeking, cognition and purpose to alter behaviors, better attitudes and consequence in behavior alteration ( Freimuth and Taylor, 1996 ) . Theory is defined as a set of interconnected constructs, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic position of phenomena by specifyA ­ing dealingss among variables, with the intent of explicating and foretelling the phenomena ( Kerlinger, 1973 ) . It presents a systematic manner of understanding events or state of affairss. Using theory as a foundation for plan planning and development is consistent with the current accent on utilizing evidence-based intercessions in public wellness. For the intent of this assignment, I will be turn toing the issue of arthritis concentrating on the theoretical and practical direction, leading and communicating issues to be addressed for the effectual executing of a wellness run to forestall arthritis and promote lifestyle alteration, including physical activity, weight loss, and decrease in ingestion of concentrated fats and intoxicant. Background to the wellness issue Definition of Arthritis Arthritis and other arthritic conditions are among the most common chronic conditions and the taking cause of disablement in the United States ( CDC, 2003a ) .These conditions often lead to restrictions in work, diversion, and usual activities, including basic self-care. Three of the most common signifiers of arthritis are osteoarthritis, arthritic arthritis, and fibromyalgia. aˆ? Osteoarthritis or â€Å" degenerative articulation disease. Degeneration of joint gristle and alterations in underlying bone and back uping tissues lead to trouble, stiffness, motion jobs, and activity restrictions ( CDCP, 1999 ) . aˆ? Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by chronic redness of the joint liner. Symptoms include hurting, stiffness, and swelling of multiple articulations. This lead to bone and gristle eroding, joint malformations, motion jobs, and activity restriction ( CDCP,1999 ) . aˆ? Fibromyalgia is a hurting syndrome affecting musculus and musculus attachment countries. Common symptoms include widespread hurting throughout the musculuss of the organic structure, sleep upsets, weariness, concerns, and cranky intestine syndrome and happen more normally in adult females than work forces ( ( Helmick et al. , 2008 ) . Planing Rationale The Arthritis Burden Approximately 27 million people in United State have degenerative arthritis, 5 million have fibromyalgia, and another 2.1 million have rheumatoid arthritis ( Helmick et al. , 2008 ) .In add-on, arthritis has a important consequence on quality of life, non merely for those who experience its painful symptoms and ensuing disablement, but besides for their household members and attention givers. Arthritis prevalence additions with age. Prevalence of arthritis is higher among adult females ( 28.3 % ) than work forces ( 18.2 % ) ( CDC, 2003b ) . Arthritis yearly consequences in 36 million ambulatory attention visits, 744,000 hospitalizations, 9,367 deceases, 19 million people with activity restrictions ( Helmick et al. , 2008 ) . Therefore, arthritis has become one of the most urgent public wellness jobs in the universe, a job that is expected to decline unless prompt and responsible action is taken. Effectss of arthritis: Arthritis is a menace to a individual ‘s physical, psychological, societal, and economic well-being. It frequently deprives people of their freedom and independency and can interrupt the lives of household members and other attention givers. Physical symptoms of arthritis include hurting, loss of joint gesture, and weariness. Psychological emphasis, depression, choler, and anxiousness frequently accompany arthritis. Social wellbeing is affected by arthritis. Peoples with arthritis often experience decreased community engagement, troubles in school, and sexual jobs. Economic deductions of arthritis include unequal entree to care, and fiscal loads due to wellness attention costs and income loss ensuing from work restrictions. Arthritis is 2nd merely to bosom disease as a major cause of lost work. ( La Plante, 988 ) . Hazard factors for arthritis Three of these factors are: non-modifiable female sex, older age, and familial sensitivity. Although these factors can non be changed, cognition of their presence helps place groups at higher hazard for arthritis so that intercession attempts can be targeted consequently. aˆ?Women aged 15 old ages and older history for 60 % of arthritis instances. At least 26.4 million adult females have arthritis, the taking chronic status among adult females, ( Callahan et al. , 1996 ; CDC, 1995 ) . aˆ? Age is besides associated with increased hazard of arthritis. One-half of the aged population is affected by arthritis, and hazard additions with age. aˆ? Genetic sensitivity. Certain cistrons are known to be associated with a higher hazard of some types of arthritis. Modifiable hazard factors are besides associated with increased hazard of arthritis. These include aˆ? Obesity. ( CDC, 1996 ) aˆ? Joint hurts. aˆ? Infections. aˆ? Certain businesss ( for illustration, agriculture, heavy industry, and businesss with insistent knee-bending ( Felson et al. , 1991 ; Felson and Zhang, 1998 ) . Health publicity Approach This construct encompasses three degrees: aˆ? Primary bar is designed to forestall a disease or status ( arthritis ) from happening in the first topographic point. Physical activity to cut down the hazard of arthritis is an illustration of primary bar step. aˆ? Secondary bar efforts to place a disease in its earliest phase so that prompt and appropriate direction can be initiated. Successful secondary bar reduces the impact of the disease. aˆ?Tertiary bar focal points on cut downing or minimising the effects of a disease once it has developed. The end of third bar is to extinguish, or at least hold, the oncoming of complications and disablement due to the disease. Primary bar schemes that exist for arthritis Merely a few primary bar schemes are considered effectual for arthritis. These include: aˆ?Weight control: Keeping an appropriate weight or cut downing weight to a recommended degree lowers a individual ‘s hazard for certain common signifiers of arthritis. Obesity is a hazard factor for degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus ( Felson and Zhang, 1998 ; Roubenoff et al. , 1991 ) . aˆ? Occupational hurt bar: Taking safeguards to avoid insistent articulation usage and ensuing joint hurt in the occupational scene can assist to forestall arthritis ( Felson, 1991 ) . aˆ? Sports hurt bar: Exploitation recommended injury bar schemes ( for illustration tune-ups, beef uping exercisings, and appropriate equipment ) aid to avoid joint hurts and harm to ligaments and gristle, all of which can increase the hazard of degenerative arthritis ( Felson and Zhang, 1998 ) . The secondary bar schemes for arthritis status aˆ? Early diagnosing. Early diagnosing of all types of arthritis is of import ( Rao et al. , 1997 ) aˆ? Medical intervention. Antibiotic intervention for early Lyme disease can forestall subsequently phase disease ( Steere, 1990 ; Schoen, 1994 ) . Decrease of uric acid degrees in urarthritis and early usage of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs ) for rheumatoid arthritis can better long-run results. The third bar schemes for Arthritis status Third bar schemes can cut down hurting and disablement, increase a individual ‘s sense of control, and better quality of life. aˆ? Self-management aˆ?Weight control and physical activity: are of import constituents of a disease direction plan. Being overweight is associated with increased hazard of degenerative arthritis, and weight loss reduces the hazard of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis ( Felson, 1992 ) . PACE ( Peoples with Arthritis Can Exercise ) is one such community-based recreational exercising plan. aˆ? Education: is another effectual self-management intercession for people with arthritis. aˆ? Rehabilitation services: Physical and occupational therapy can rectify damages and diminish activity restrictions. aˆ? Medical and surgical intervention: Many different drugs are used to handle arthritis. Medicines for some types of arthritis can restrict disease patterned advance, control symptoms, and prevent serious complications. Joint replacing therapy is most appropriate for people with chronic, terrible hurting or activity restrictions. Schemes for the success of the communicating plan The undermentioned activities will be carried out to guarantee the success of the communicating plan: Thorough state of affairs analysis This is one of the first stairss in planing an effectual communicating plan. Determination of the current load of arthritis, the degree of consciousness of the wellness issue by the populace, and the sort of communicating scheme in topographic point are critical. Besides, a thorough apprehension of the mark audience is necessary. It is of import to cognize their demographic, societal, political, cultural and economic features. This can be carried out through cardinal interviews, observations, and concentrate group treatments studies. Strategy Goal The overall end of this Plan is to excite and beef up a national co-ordinated attempt for cut downing the happening of arthritis and its attendant disablement. Specific ends are to aˆ? Establish a solid scientific base of cognition on the bar of arthritis and related disablement. aˆ? Increase consciousness of arthritis, its impact, the importance of early diagnosing and appropriate direction, and effectual bar schemes. aˆ? Implement effectual plans to forestall the oncoming of arthritis and its related disablement. Scheme Purposes aˆ? Increase public consciousness of arthritis as the taking cause of disablement and an of import public wellness job. aˆ? Promote early diagnosing and appropriate direction for people with arthritis to guarantee them the maximal figure of old ages of healthy life. aˆ? Minimize preventable hurting and disablement due to arthritis. aˆ? By developing and accessing the resources they need to get by with their disease. aˆ? Ensure that people with arthritis receive the household, equal, and community support they need. Scheme Aims The aims must be SMART that is it should be specific, mensurable, accomplishable, realistic and clip edge ( Naidoo and Wills, 2009 ) . The aims will include: To increase the degree of consciousness and cognition of arthritis To advance positive attitudes towards lifestyle alteration. To better activities of day-to-day life and rehabilitation. Execution Communication Schemes for the Public This mark audience, the broadest of the three, includes all Americans. These precedence audiences include ( CDCP,1999 ) aˆ? Peoples with arthritis symptoms. aˆ? At-risk populations ( for illustration, cultural groups, medically underserved populations, and groups with low socioeconomic position ) . aˆ? Family members of people with arthritis. aˆ?Women. aˆ? Non-traditional spouses ( for illustration, colleagues, neighbors, faith communities, Meals on Wheels plans, and local merchandisers ) . aˆ? Federal, province, and community authorities leaders. Three major schemes should be used to present these messages to the precedence public audiences: 1. Promote partnerships to present consistent messages that reach full populations. Because of the comprehensiveness of the audience necessitating arthritis-related messages and the diverseness of subpopulations within that audience, administrations and bureaus must pool their resources and attempts to present a consistent message. aˆ? Identify national and province alliances that address hazard factors for arthritis. aˆ? Strengthen coactions among authorities bureaus, voluntary wellness bureaus, and professional organisations. aˆ? Coordinate a communicating run on behalf of all partnership web members. aˆ? Seek and construct on dependable beginnings of arthritis information, actions, and services. 2. Behavior market research to determine the messages. Because arthritis potentially affects all community members, arthritis-related messages and bringing channels need to be tailored to appeal to different sections of the community. This grade of specification requires market research to both determine the message and bringing channels and prove their effectivity as consciousness runs are developed. aˆ? Identify subpopulations within mark groups for arthritis messages. aˆ? Design and implement behavioral research to find the wellness patterns and media penchants of each mark group. aˆ? Develop and trial arthritis and disablement messages for physical activity runs, nutrition and weight control plans. aˆ? Develop messages about the importance of weight care and physical activity. aˆ? Produce stuffs that can be used by bureaus and administrations that serve mark groups. 3. Increase consciousness throughout all communities. It touches people throughout the community: kids in schools, employees in the worksite, participants in senior Centres, members of all religions, and stray persons populating entirely. . aˆ? Tailor messages and develop runs to make people with undiagnosed arthritis and to motivate them to seek early diagnosing and appropriate direction. aˆ?Tailor messages about community norms for weight and physical activity. aˆ? Develop messages about hurt bar. aˆ? Add to bing physical activity runs messages about the function of physical activity in minimising arthritis disablement. aˆ? Increase consciousness of the nexus between arthritis and weight control, physical activity, and nutrition. aˆ? Ensure that messages efficaciously counteract predominating misconceptions. aˆ? Include arthritis bar messages in wellness education/healthy lifestyle plans in schools and workplaces. Incorporate arthritis into chronic disease bar, wellness publicity and instruction, and other plans of province and local wellness sections. Several bar schemes for arthritis are similar to risk-factor decrease schemes for other chronic conditions. Many province and local wellness sections already have plans directed toward increasing physical activity, advancing a healthy diet, and cut downing fleshiness. All of these plans could be modified to integrate an arthritis-specific message. In add-on, province and local wellness sections have the chance to plan plans directed at cut downing arthritis disablement through appropriate bar messages. aˆ? Encourage province and local wellness sections to do arthritis patient instruction stuffs available at all intervention sites. aˆ? Facilitate partnerships between public wellness bureaus and managed attention administrations to supply appropriate arthritis instruction across the natural disease spectrum, from prediagnosis through disablement direction, and in all types of attention scenes ( for illustration, community-based attention, and in-home attention ) ( CDCP,1999 ) . Communication Schemes for Health Professionals This audience includes all clinical, community, and public wellness professionals who potentially affect the wellness and wellbeing of people with or at hazard for arthritis ( CDCP,1999 ) . Subgroups of the wellness professional audience include aˆ? Primary wellness attention suppliers, including baby doctors, who see the bulk of arthritis patients. aˆ? Rheumatologists, physiatrists, orthopedic sawboness, pediatricss, rheumatologists, and other doctors. aˆ? Nurses. aˆ? Physical healers and occupational healers. aˆ? Social workers and mental wellness workers. aˆ? Chiropractors. aˆ? Chiropodists. aˆ? Exercise and fittingness professionals, instructors, and managers. aˆ? Alternative medical specialty practicians. aˆ? Pharmacists. aˆ? Public wellness community members ( for illustration, pedagogues, public wellness nurses, and plan directors ) . Although the specific message will change for different types of suppliers, all of these professionals must cognize aˆ? The prevalence of arthritis and its impact on disablement and quality of life. aˆ? The most common myths about arthritis and accurate information to chase away them. aˆ? Preventive schemes. aˆ? The importance of early diagnosing of the type of arthritis and appropriate direction schemes. aˆ? Referral beginnings ( that is when and where to mention ) . aˆ? Beginnings of support. aˆ? The value of self-management and other non pharmacological intercessions. To be able to step in early and suitably to cut down disablement, wellness professionals must hold accurate, up-to-date information about arthritis. The undermentioned attacks should be tailored, based on behavioral research, to each type of wellness professional ( CDCP,1999 ) . Better the cognition, attitudes, and patterns of primary attention practicians and other doctors through undergraduate and alumnus instruction, go oning medical instruction, and in-service instruction. Better the cognition, attitudes, and patterns of other wellness professionals through undergraduate and alumnus instruction, go oning instruction, and in-service instruction. Widen the range of arthritis-related messages by utilizing communicating vehicles such as province and county medical societies, province and national professional organisations, professional newssheets and conferences, and web sites of professional organisations and protagonism groups. Evaluation and Feedback A baseline appraisal would be carried out and indexs would be set. For illustration, the plan may be assessed based on alterations in the degrees of consciousness, and the proportion of people with arthritis who can now pull off the symptoms on their ain. This will function as provender back for betterments in future intercessions. Decision Although wellness communicating is an built-in constituent of quality attention ( Vahabi, 2007 ) , developing and pull offing an effectual wellness communicating run is no easy undertaking. In visible radiation of empirical grounds back uping the benefits of wellness publicity and the premiss that effectual wellness communications can impact preventative wellness patterns ( Vahabi, 2007 ) , and in the context of wellness publicity pattern moralss, it is indispensable to guarantee that the bringing of optimum wellness communicating is deemed a high-priority wellness publicity issue. By contrast, hapless wellness communicating taking to less-than-optimal attention bringing and results ( Aitkens et al. , 2005 ) and unequal apprehension of self-care behaviors can ensue in legal branchings and decreased life quality ( Betancourt et al. , 2000 ) . Vahabi ( 2007 ) stated that miscommunications or failures to pass on wellness hazards can besides endanger people ‘s safety and their well ness position. In add-on, disbursement clip on some issues and non on others and non taking people ‘s capacities or state of affairss into history may impact their ability to entree wellness attention and their self-respect and rights to the benefits of optimum wellness instruction. A thorough apprehension of the theoretical issues underlying behavioral alteration and the assorted schemes for effectual execution are of import issues to see. However theory entirely can non vouch the success of any plan. An effectual director must besides understand the practical issues involved and cognize how best to cover with these issues for successful results. Besides equal plan planning is indispensable, but even the best laid programs may non be good executed if the people do non hold the right managerial accomplishments. Development of effectual leading and direction accomplishments are hence of import and must besides be considered in the success of the plan.

Is Australia an Inclusive Society Essay

Reports from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2003a, 2003b, as cited in Ashman & Elkins, 2009, p. 7) show 25% of the Australian population is currently made up of migrants from around 200 countries. This fact demonstrates Australia, on the whole, has a tolerant and inclusive society. A society can be identified as a collection of people who live together in a relatively ordered community (Ashman & Elkins, 2009, p. 7). It could be said, Australia has one of the most inclusive societies on the planet; however, this was not always the case. Net overseas migration has doubled from 146,800 in 2005-6 to 298,900 in 2008-9 (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2011). Migrants born overseas account for a quarter of the total population with 50% having direct links with relatives born overseas. Nearly 2. 5 million Australians speak a language other than English at home (ABS, 2003a, as cited in Ashman & Elkins, 2009, p. 7). These facts show how much multiculturalism is now an intrinsic part of Australian society. Some traditional migrant countries, such as the UK, still remain dominant in the proportion of people arriving onto Australian shores; however, more recently, a larger percentage of migrants from Asian countries have started to show in census statistics (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade [DFAT], 2008). Today migrants can be found in all levels of society and the workforce. Employers are bound by the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 not to exclude any persons on the basis of nationality, race, colour, descent or ethnic origin; however, this was not always the case. The White Australia Policy (forming the basis of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901) from 1901 to 1973 was introduced primarily to prevent Pacific Islanders from being employed as cheap labour in the vast sugar plantations in the Northern part of the country (DFAT, 2008) . The policy was gradually abolished after the Second World War, but the emphasis on European immigration remained until 1966, when the government allowed the migration of ‘distinguished’ non-Europeans. The last vestiges of the policy were discarded in 1973. From 1901 to the early 1970s, policies towards newcomers were based on assimilation. The preference for British migrants remained, and all others were expected to shed their existing cultural identities, including their native languages, to promote their rapid absorption into the host population. (DFAT, 2008, p. 2) A lively debate would ensue to decide if Australia could be seen as inclusive during this period of history. Even with the acceptance of Whites there were still racial undertones in the nicknames of migrants from certain countries. Wogs from Italy, Dagos from Spain, Poms from England (origin has not been verified, but several theories remain), to name but a few. In conclusion with such a large migrant population from so many different countries, Australia has succeeded in becoming an inclusive society. Migrants will continue to arrive onto this big brown land and play a major part in shaping the country in centuries to come. Stereotypes. Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995, p. 1635) defines stereotype as an â€Å"a fixed general image or set of characteristics that a lot of people believe represent a particular type of person or thing. † This is a thought that is conceived without actual basis or factual content. Stereotypes can come in many forms. Commonly it is a belief that may have been subliminally imparted by peers, parents or the media. Stereotyping can cross all groups, genders, races, religions or even animals. It is possible social interaction or experience can lead to stereotyping especially if a negative experience is involved. People may all be guilty in some form of stereotyping, although not in a derogatory sense. Some common examples are, left handed people are creative, Asians are hard workers, blondes have more fun, fat people are jolly. A negative consequence of stereotyping is what Sanderson (2010, p. 349) calls stereotype threat. Minority group members experience an apprehension that they may behave in a manner that confirms existing cultural stereotypes. Gender stereotypes are one of the most common encountered on a daily basis. The infamous ‘Glass Ceiling’ still exists in many areas of the professional world, restricting valid promotions simply based on gender. This type of concept can be verified by looking at comparative weekly wages of other professionals in a variety of industries. Most people will generally see female dominated occupations, such as nurse, teacher and secretary as requiring feminine personality traits and physical attributes for success; whereas male dominated occupations such as doctor, lawyer, and business executive are seen to require male personality traits for success (Sanderson, 2010, p. 344). Racism The Cambridge Dictionaries Online (2011) defines racism as â€Å"the belief that people’s qualities are influenced by their race and that the members of other races are not as good as the members of your own, or the resulting unfair treatment of members of other races. In recent history massive wars, resulting in countless lives lost, have been waged simply over not belonging to the ‘right’ or ‘our’ race. Most people would agree the concept of disliking someone simply because they look different and belong to another race, is pure ignorance. To say that because a person has dark skin that they will respond or behave in a certain manner is again ignorant. For most people it is hard to believe that less than twenty years ago Apartheid was still a reality in South Africa. The word ‘apartheid’ is derived from the Afrikaans language and is directly translated as ‘separateness’ (P.  Mason-Jones, pers. comm. , 1998). Its basis was racial segregation for Blacks, Whites, Coloureds and Indians. The Coloureds in South Africa are from mixed race families, predominately White males procreating with Black females. The Indians were mainly from colonial Indian descent sent to South Africa as slaves. The concept of black South Africans not allowed on the same public bus as Whites is hard to grasp. A greater issue for the Black people during apartheid was the fact they were not allowed to vote and decide on their own future in a land they had lived in for centuries beforehand. Modern racism can be described as someone’s negative feelings towards an out-group member, which is not based specifically on their group membership (e. g. , race, gender) but rather generalisations of their moral values (Sanderson, 2010, p. 337). This creates the conception that all Black people do not work hard enough and expect handouts and so are discriminated against for that instead of having dark skin. Prejudice The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1982, p. 809) defines Prejudice as a â€Å"pre-conceived opinion, bias (against, or in favour of, person or thing). The word itself can be split into two components, pre- before and jud- judging. Forming an opinion of someone before there is a chance to talk to them or even meet them for the first time is ignorant. Prejudice can come in many forms; however, it is usually associated with negative or hostile feelings about a person or persons simply based on their belonging to a group. Some popular social examples are, people who wear hats while driving are bad drivers, and, older men who have long beards and ride Harley Davidson motorbikes are dangerous. Similarly, pre-judging all the clean, well dressed and impeccably groomed students to be the most well behaved members of the group would not be substantiated. In the same vein, pre-judging the scruffy un-kempt student to be the most troublesome member of the group could be a terrible mistake for the teacher. Consider this scenario: Stephen Hawking is observed crossing the road at a busy intersection while an individual is travelling in the opposite direction. The individual will have no idea who he is or heard his name mentioned in any context. Some people may consider sympathy with his plight, some may ignore him completely, some may even offer assistance. Yet how many would come to the conclusion he is one of the greatest minds on the planet? People may be guilty of pre-judging his condition, abilities or even intellect. Educational responses to diversity Under Section 22 of the Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act 1992, an educational authority is not allowed to discriminate against a person on the grounds of the person’s disability (DD Act, 1992). Education Queensland developed a statement in response to this section of the Act, called â€Å"The Inclusive Education Statement – 2005. † This statement is now part of 11 pieces of legislation and policies (Education Queensland, 2011). These policies and legislative pieces comprise of Commonwealth and State Acts. The Commonwealth Acts include, Age Discrimination Act 2004, Disability Discrimination Act 1992, Disability Standards for Education 2005, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Act 1986, Privacy Act 1988, Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1984. State legislation includes the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991, Child Protection Act 1999, Disability Services Act 2006 and the Education (General Provisions) Act 2006. (Education Queensland, 2011). Education in Australia is a basic human right; however, the learning journey needs to be fair, productive and include everyone regardless of race, gender, cultural background or disability. Inclusive education is a process of responding to the uniqueness of individuals, increasing their sense of participation and achievement in a learning society (Hyde, 2010, p. 11). Education Queensland (2011) requires their staff to identify processes and procedures in the Inclusive Education Statement – 2005, to achieve learning outcomes and develop skills to work and live productively and respectfully with others from a range of backgrounds, abilities and cultures. This ideology will help to produce accepting, tolerant, co-operative and productive citizens. In the classroom teachers need to address the huge variety of differences in their students. They should be adaptable and flexible to address criteria in curriculum while still following policies and procedures that stem from individual schools up to state level. Curriculum, pedagogy and assessment are aligned and meet the needs of diverse student groups (EQIS, 2005). A teacher, or any member of an educational facility, can be prosecuted if they harass a student, or future student, who has a disability, about the disability (Disability Discrimination Act 1992 s. 37). A successful teacher is required to have a positive relationship with all of their students, while still following policy and procedure so that they can â€Å"build bridges from the knowledge and skills that students bring from their homes and communities to the knowledge and skills they need for success in schooling† (EQIS, 2005, p. ). Schools are required to provide professional learning opportunities to enhance understanding of the recognition of difference and the factors that contribute to educational disadvantage, especially an appreciation of factors such as: poverty; gender; disability; cultural and linguistic diversity; and sexuality (EQIS, 2005). Such professional development opportunities will allow teachers with many years experience to fully understand the changing environment they now live in. People with a disability have the same human rights as other members of society (Disability Discrimination Act 1992, Part 2, Division 19, s. ). Teachers must adapt their classroom planning in response to this statement. Simple methods of inclusion on a physical level will include table and chair arrangement, or repositioning of the teacher’s desk to provide easy access if required; however, it is the school’s responsibility to allow wheelchair access to classrooms. Teachers who believe that they are the most important factor in improving student outcomes are more likely to deliver a connected curriculum, with high intellectual quality and high levels of student engagement (EQIS, 2005). While such policies and statement may seem difficult to implement, the outcome of a successful student who is well versed and ready to stand up in society and enter the workforce should be the driving factor teachers strive for. Personal responses to diversity A teacher’s positive attitude towards their students can have a profound effect on their learning ability. Consideration must be taken into account if the student(s) come from a low socio economic background or disruptive domestic environments. The school community may well be the only positive aspect of their lives. Students who have this sort of background often require more support and nurturing. A teacher’s positive attitude towards this student may well release their inhibitions and personal defences. Once the teacher has broken down these barriers the student is more likely to participate, be co-operative and be more productive in the classroom. A negative attitude directed at the same student is more likely to sustain the barrier he or she has towards adults, or authority figures in general, and remain disruptive and uncooperative. An example of this negative attitude is provided by Munro. 2008, p. 99). Ted Brown saw himself as a good literacy teacher. Many of his students made great progress and achieved high-level outcomes. Each year, however, there was a small group of students in the class who did not progress as he expected. Ted noted, â€Å"These students do not get involved or stay focused. They just did not seem to be interested. I guess there will always be low achievers. Not everyone can learn to read†. His observations were accurate. In his classes, these children did not get involved or stay focused, were not interested and remained low achievers. A replacement teacher, Sally Green, taught Ted’s class for a term. She talked with the underachieving readers and noticed that they had rich imagery knowledge of the topics they discussed but often needed time to put their images into words. She helped them practice doing this. Before they began to read a narrative, she had them do this. Sally also had them talk in sentences about the pictures in the narratives and recall vocabulary. The students began to achieve as readers using their existing knowledge to read and to anticipate the ideas in a text. They learnt to paraphrase and visualise as they read, and to review each paragraph. Ted came back to school from long-service leave and noticed that the small group of students had improved in their reading. Because he did not understand the conditions under which they had improved, he was unable to scaffold their learning. Soon some of the students plateaued in their reading and Ted was sure that this was, again, because of their lack of interest. It can be seen from the above text that Ted simply could not be bothered with the small group of â€Å"low achievers†. He did not provide any inclusive activities; therefore, he was not able to obtain the most out of this group. Sally should have discussed this issue with the Head of Department or Principal during her contracted time. Bringing this issue to their attention may have directed the HOD/Principal to discuss with Ted some alternative teaching options, or offer some personal development in this area. Once the issue had been raised, discussed and acted upon it is reasonable to assume that the students and subsequent â€Å"low achievers† would have gained more out of Ted’s classes and develop their learning journey accordingly. According to Conway (2010, p. 29), beginning teachers will need to make an extra effort because his research found that the majority felt ill-prepared to teach students with ESL, disabilities or from dysfunctional backgrounds. This particular course is highlighting the need for future teachers to recognise, appreciate and implement positive strategies for a variety of students with diverse backgrounds, cultures and abilities.

Competitive Advantages Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Competitive Advantages - Research Paper Example Therefore, Riordan will have to produce highly standardized products so that it can compete with other producers of plastic products. It will have to adopt a global or a multi-domestic outlook, where it will either compete globally or compete at different national markets in a manner differentiated from that at other national markets. In the case of Riordan, it will have to adopt a global strategy at the target global markets, and a multi-local strategy at markets that are principally multi-domestic. The market drivers of its strategy will include customer needs uniformity, developing global networks of distribution, and ensuring that its marketing is transferable. The cost drivers to guide Riordan include those of transport, economies of scale, economies of scope, and product development. The government drivers to guide the business strategy include segmenting markets on the basis of the favorability of trade policies, the compatibility of technical standards, universal marketing control, as well as privatization. The global business strategy will be focused around increasing sales levels to existing customers, expanding sales to emerging markets and new customer groups, and the development of value-added services, which can compete globally. The company can maintain its cost-plus pricing strategy while at the same time increase segmentation on the basis of customer regions and locations. Riordan is a plastic manufacturer operating at different countries around the globe. The global market will affect the business strategy of Riordan in a number of ways. These ways include expanding economies of scale and scope, adopting a global and a multi-domestic market outlook, developing global distribution networks, and cultivating strategy drivers like product

How can we define authorship in TV Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How can we define authorship in TV - Assignment Example Given this argument, it follows that the identification of the technical competence of the director would enable critic and viewers alike to determine the quality and artistic value of the TV program. Auteurism however has been criticized in its application to film and TV show making because the creation of a film or show involves a lot of people in its production process that it would be difficult to say that a certain individual was solely responsible of the authorship or creation of the film (Moran 1999). Moreso, in a Hollywood setting where a multitude of people had to work and collaborate together to create a film. We can cite for example the film The Big Sleep (1946) which was a product of collaboration with different film makers. It involved novelist Raymond Chandler who wrote the novel which was the basis of the film, Howard Hawks, screenwriters William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett and actors Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall (Lev 1988) all were distinguished artists in their own right. It is also important to note that the film made a last minute revision in January of 1946 invites discussion about authorship because it clarifies when and who decides for the change of the fi lm indicating ownership of the film (Lev 1988). This is an important notion of auteurism because it highlights the complicity in according authorship in a film as argued by the critics of auteurism. In contemporary setting in creating a TV program various creative people are involved to complete the production. It involves Director,  Producer,  Creator,  Executive producer,  Assistant producer,  Researcher,  Star,  Writer, all of which have creative inputs to complete the production of a TV program. Such, if we are to determine authorship in the strict meaning of the word, it would be difficult to assign it to a single individual because no individual can complete a TV program by himself.   We can however infer to the

Wester Civilization II paper #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wester Civilization II paper #1 - Essay Example The Prince by Machiavelli focuses on the dos and don’ts of a prince. According to him, a prince is not a public entity so his activities and life style should never be conventional like his subjects. According to Machiavelli, a prince always needs to build a kind of aura around him so that he can be easily identified someone superior and above the average human lot. The focus on the activity of a prince or the head of the state reshaped the treaty a lot and made the doctrine on one of the most valuable treaties of the political theory and diplomatic strategy. Machiavelli’s ‘The Prince’ focuses further on the military duty of a Prince. It also deals with the functional and the compositional aspect of the various troops with the special focus on the Mercenaries. The book is also focused on detecting and scrutinizing the reason behind appraisal or criticism of a man and especially that of a prince. The doctrine deals with the theory of cruelty or clemency and decides whether it is better to get love or to be feared. The other three important facets on which the treaty focuses are the way; the world of a Prince should be kept, the process by which he should acquire reputation and the impact of destiny of humans and the way to fight with it. All these theories and diplomatic treaties suggested in the book under any circumstance w ill help a prince to rule his kingdom with full sovereignty and have a stable government in his province. Machiavelli’s ‘The Prince’ is considered as the most important political work of the period. There is no second opinion regarding the effectiveness of the book but then the book also gained its pinnacle of popularity during the renaissance period because the book reflected largely about the political situation of the period and discussed issues to pacify the situation in Italy and particularly in Florence. Although there were numerous city – states by the beginning of the fifteenth

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights With Information Assurance Research Paper

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights With Information Assurance - Research Paper Example Thus, information assurance was given birth as a response to the threat of hacking and stealing vital information, especially data from particular high-profile government or institution. The definitions and practices pertaining to information assurance, on the other hand, are multifaceted and multifarious. Like the complicated Web and its laws, if there are any, the information assurance is an intricate field of human knowledge. This paper discusses the numerous and various definitions of the concept called information assurance (hereinafter IA). It also examines the security services prominent in the information assurance. Of Definitions There are numerous definitions or categorization to the concept of â€Å"information assurance.† Most of these definitions are defined or categorized by various U.S. government institutions such as the U.S. Air Force, the National Defense University, the Pentagon, among other institutions. The U.S. Air Force, for one, categorizes the term inf ormation assurance as a representation of â€Å"measures to protect friendly information systems by preserving the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of the systems and the information contained within the systems† (as cited in Curts & Campbell, 2002, pp. 1-2). What is peculiar in this definition of IA is the description of the information systems as something friendly. ... (The emphasis of Curts and Campbell’s IA is on the protection through preservation.) On the one hand, the Pentagon’s Office of the Secretary of Defense categorizes IA in this fashion: â€Å"Informational assurance is the component of information operations that assures the Department of Defense’s operational readiness by providing for the continuous availability and reliability of information systems and networks† (as cited in Curts & Campbell, 2002, p. 2). Here, the definition of the phrase â€Å"information assurance† centers on, as the phrase implies, the assurance of readiness via the provision of availability and reliability of information systems or networks. In contrast to the U.S. Air Force’s, the Pentagon views IA as an assurance -- not as a protection of authenticity -- for availability and reliability of the systems and/or networks. Further, Pentagon’s concept of information assurance is contextualized -- that is, the praxis of IA largely belongs to certain operational activities or transactions by its Department of Defense. The National Defense University (NDU), on the other hand, describes IA as â€Å"information operations (IO) that protect and defend information systems by ensuring their integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation† (as cited in Curts & Campbell, 2002, p. 2). Like the Pentagon’s IA, NDU’s information assurance is synonymous or attributed to the information operations. This similarity is grounded on the fact that both institutions, by nature of their office or function, are military in orientation. But unlike the Pentagon’s, IA as outlined by the National Defense University is perceived in terms of protecting and defending the systems or networks through ensuring or ascertaining not only their CIA but

Quotation Analysis Song of Solomon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quotation Analysis Song of Solomon - Essay Example n, 36).reflectingon a past family he had known, Freddie tells the story of a boy who was breastfed until he was thirteen years yet he looks straight at Milkman like he is making up that story. Freddie thinks that breastfeeding a child until that age is disturbing and unusual. This can be evidenced by his words ‘that’s a bit much’. In the novel, Ruth also knows that its unusual and that is why she has a look of shame when Freddie finds her breastfeeding. Many decades ago men ran their homes with iron steel and were superior to women. On the other hand, women had no minds of their won since men defined them and dictated them. Whatever actions they took it had to be in favor of the men since men took responsibility for their wives, or any female related to them, actions. Thus men were very strict with women from their public behaviors, dressing and demeanor. Macon dead tells his sister, â€Å"Why cant you dress like a woman?... whats that sailors cap doing in your head? Don’t you have stockings? What are you trying to make me look like in this town?† (Morrison, 45). Macon sees that his sisters dressing style as act of denting his image of a rich man with properties. He is in fact ashamed of his sister and throws her out of his house. Macon takes the ‘bad dressing’ personally as he says â€Å"what are you trying to make me look like in this town?† A woman can dress how she feels like and a brother†™s image should not be tainted by his sister’s choice of dressing. Moreover, Pilate was not scantily dressed only indecent like a man with no stockings and such like feminine dressing designs. Additionally, Macon compares his sister to ‘common street women’ who are prostitutes. In secret Macon hated her sister more than her dressing in that he shuddered at what people would think when they saw his sister with a daughter and no husband, her daughter too had a daughter and no husband. He did not want her trait in his family. Pilate suffers at both his fathers

AIDS In The Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AIDS In The Workplace - Essay Example For the past two centuries, countless citizens in these United States, from every race, background and persuasion, have reposed their faith on these words to secure for them the basic rights they are entitled to. Even while this statement calls the truth of men’s equality â€Å"self-evident,† succeeding generations of racial minorities and economic classes have had to struggle to lay claim this right. The significance and interpretation of the very phrase â€Å"all men are created equal† has repeatedly been called into question – apparently, it was not as â€Å"self-evident† as the founding Fathers had initially envisioned it to be. For instance, more than one and a half centuries after the Declaration of Independence, people of color were taken to be less than and even property of the white man, and new immigrants were regarded with disdain compared to native-born Americans, although the privileged native-born Americans were understood not to include native indigeneous Americans. This is not to mention the stereotypes attached to the male and female genders, the religious faithful, and levels of education – particularly those reared in private or iv y-league schools as against the public schools. But these were the first two centuries of American nationhood. In the twenty-first century, it seems such issues have been repeatedly put to the test by judicial pronouncements and legal statutes. There is a special case, however, wherein discrimination is still a stinging issue. These are in the matter of persons with physical disabilities in the workplace. Those with genetic and natural disabilities already contend with the prejudice that they could not perform as well as able-bodied individuals, which, to be frank, may be true in some occupations. The chicken-and-egg dilemma of disabilities in the workplace is that if disabled people are considered equal, it means they should enjoy no special favors, else it is the able-bodied who are discriminated

The Code of Hammurabi Essay Example for Free

The Code of Hammurabi Essay The Code of Hammurabi is remembered more for the punishments set for each crime, and not for the crimes themselves. The â€Å"eye for an eye† rule and the plentiful crimes that may result to a death penalty may seem harsh for us nowadays, but the Code has been the basis of other subsequent laws used to govern a society. â€Å"By far the most remarkable of the Hammurabi records is his code of laws, the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. † (Fordham University ) The Code is also considered Hammurabi’s best legacy not only to his people, but to other societies as well. This is understandable because Hammurabi has ruled over the world’s oldest metropolis, Babylon. During those times, the code of law is considered â€Å"a subject for prayer†, although the dominant view is contempt for the violators of the law. (Yale Law School) The Code of Hammurabi is basically a list of rules for a community. There are negative and positive results that can be expected with the implementation of the set rules. Hammurabi, Babylon’s ruler, has formulated the laws in order to make sure that his kingdom maintains peace, order and justice. He is presented as a king who is also a wise law-giver. However, as said earlier, there are advantages and disadvantages in implementing the Code of Hammurabi. Due to the strictness and gravity of the punishments, the Code may actually create a peaceful community. Fear is instilled in the people of Babylon. The Code also aims to promote balance and over-all justice in the community: â€Å"†¦Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak; so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash, and enlighten the land, to further the well-being of mankind. † (Yale Law School) I believe that the Code is well-intended. It must also have been a success because there are other set of rules that seem to follow the Code of Hammurabi. If one should peruse the Ten Commandments, some similarities can be discovered. Basically, what is considered a sin in Hammurabi’s time is still considered a sin or a violation of the law. However, the Commandments have reduced the violations that should be punishable by death. In fact, the emphasis is on what should not be done, not on what punishments should be implemented. This negative way of setting rules, like â€Å"Thou shall not kill† is its similarity to the Code of Hammurabi, except that the Code attaches the punishments to what must not be done. (Bible. Org) There are many points in the Code which talks about punishment for things that are prohibited or for things that are not proved. â€Å"If anyone brings an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death, (Yale Law School) † is an example of the laws enumerated in the Code of Hammurabi. This can be compared to the Ten Commandments’ law against bearing false witness against a neighbor. â€Å"If anyone is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death† is an example of a punishment attached to the crime which is prohibited. In this case, the rule states that robbers should be put to death. (Yale Law School) Like the other rules, the intention is to discourage people from committing the crime. Other rules with punishments of a less serious degree attached seem to be more reminiscent of state laws rather than religious laws. Surprisingly, even within a Code which can be often harsh and unforgiving, there are also some provisions in some laws that will provide options to the one who has been wronged. For example, if the wife is caught committing adultery, the husband is given an option to forgive her. It also gives importance to fairness in trade and contracts. Persons who own properties, including slaves, must make sure that they have the proper documentation ready for cases that will question the validity of ownership. This will gauge if stealing or cheating has occurred. This is a common sense rule which prevails today. The above mentioned statements support the positive effect of the Code of Hammurabi. Nevertheless, the Code is not without its flaws. Although the fear that is instilled in the people by giving harsh penalties may reduce the crime rate in any given society, the very fear may be detrimental to the psyche of the people ruled by the law. I believe that it is not fully satisfying to command people with the weapon of fear. The Code cannot ensure the goodness of the people, only their outward behavior. Although I think that the Code of Hammurabi is well-intended, as it aims for a just and peaceful community, there are laws within it that actually violates my sense of justice. There are punishments that are too harsh for the crime that it is meant to castigate. For example, a woman who is to set up a tavern or even just to enter a tavern to have a drink will be burned to death. The Code is also not without its share of superstition. In the absence of other means to prove guilt, measures like making people swim in the river and then judging them to be guilty if they drown, seem to be superstitious and ignorant. Obviously, this manner of investigation cannot work during modern times when people train to become stronger swimmers. In life, we like to believe that we are given several chances to change our ways. Even modern prisons allow for some conversion, religious or secular they may be. Death penalties are only implemented whenever heinous crimes are encountered. However, the Code of Hammurabi seems to pride itself in preventing a person to commit the same mistake. â€Å"If a judge tries a case, reach a decision, and present his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judges bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgment†. (Yale Law School) The above example shows the finality of the Code’s decision on a person’s fate. Of course this will have its advantages as well. If the error committed has affected many lives in a serious way, like in medical malpractices of today, licenses are revoked. As a conclusion, I believe that the Code of Hammurabi is an effective set of rules formulated by a just ruler. Nevertheless, there is a need to adjust some of the penalties in order to fit today’s sense of justice. The Ten Commandments, and other religious laws, have already condensed the Code’s contents while state or government laws have versions of its secular pointers. Works Cited: Bible. Org. 20 October 2007 http://www. bible. org/page. php? page_id=146. Fordham University . 20 October 2007 http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode. html. Yale Law School. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 17 October 2007 http://www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/hamframe. htm.

The Power of Dance Essay Example for Free

The Power of Dance Essay The video The Power of Dance was a film which explored various forms of dance around the world and how each one related to its respective culture. The video used a multitude of different styles of dance in different geographical locations to pinpoint how dance is a universal language, and the body is used to convey a variety of ideas and emotions. The primary theme behind the film was that dance is a global phenomenon. Dance crosses race, color, culture, social, economic, and class lines. Dance is found in a whole host of situations, including, but certainly not limited to, religion, theatre, social settings, and film. Dance is used to tell stories, express emotion, and as a form of religious ceremony, expressing praise, gratitude, sorrow, and offered as a gift. It is in this sense that dance is a form of communication without boundaries. Life itself is a form dance. Jacques DAmbrose, of the New York City Ballet theatre, likens the heartbeat to a dance. The heartbeat, he says in the first rhythm of dance, with its primary tempo a basic upbeat. It is this upbeat that sustains us all. Child dancer Ryan McCormick makes this point especially clear. As part of a New York childrens dance troupe, he applauds the merits of dance as being a tool to integrate children of different racial and economic backgrounds, by teaching teamwork and cooperation. Dancing is some of the childrens only way to express themselves and release daily stressors, a therapeutic part of dance, according to dancer and choreographer Gregg Burns. America is a melting pot, using dance from all over the world, including Russia, where the origins of ballet can be found. Russian dancer Bolshoi sees dance as an expression of aristocratic behavior, exuding effortless strength and grace. Ballet, in this light, is ? unearthly; (the) art of the air. Irek Makhamedov describes dance, ballet in particular, as an international language in which the physical and emotional are inseparable. Other cultures explored in the video include the dances of India, including one in which a single woman portrays both a man and a woman in a love story of both earthly and spiritual proportions; the dance itself being a metaphor for the love between man and God. Northern India has its own form of dance, Bhangra, a dance originated by farmers and performed by men. According to Vijay Neekay, this is a celebration dance. A final form of dance surveyed in the film was dancing in film and video. This form of dance is amazing in that it combines all forms of dance and movement through the magic of editing to create a single form of exciting and, sometimes, physically impossible dance. It draws together, and in a single moment, separates all different forms of dance in a beautiful art for life to imitate.

What is Corporate Social Disclosure (CSR) Disclosure in Perspective Accounting

What is Corporate Social Disclosure (CSR) Disclosure in Perspective Accounting Social Responsibilitys company is not a new concept in society but progressively expand along with other concepts. Social responsibilitys company which is referred as Corporate Social Responsibility theoretically still generated the contradiction. Corporate Social Responsibility started to become the big issue and studied by a lot of party since early year 1960 in United States and in the early 1970 in Europe. In this time, Corporate Social Responsibility is become the important issue in business world and society and its discussion coverage even also immeasurable progressively along with progressively its excitement growth and business world. Progressively is wide coverage of discussion of this Corporate Social Responsibility, definition which is made by expert more immeasurable. Beside that, terms which emerge along with growth of Corporate Social Responsibility even also increasing and varying. Definition about corporate social responsibility still is difficult found in literature accountancy. The definition need a lot of consideration and consensus about any kind of competent included into company responsibility. However, if we discuss about a company choice in disclosure social responsibility reporting, we will agree that a company take charge that must be expressed related to accountability, not Introduction According To World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publicizing entitling Making Good Business Sense (2002) citing statement of Lord Holme and Richard Watts (2000) defining social responsibility company is: Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. (www.mallenbaker.net) For a while according to Elkington (1997) in Utomo (2000), company responsibility help the attainment focussed three company efficacy consisted of the social efficacy, environmental, and financial. This concept is known as Triple Bottom Line Success of a Company. For more clear depicted is in following schema: The Existing Of Triple Bottom line Success of a Company triggered by Corporate Financial Responsibility (CFR). After that company effort to minimize negative affect from environmental problem (CER), and strive the company for behave to matching with social environmental expectation (CSR). There are interconnected sliver and overall of the responsibility viewed as contribution of company and business world in general in realizing sustainable development (Suwardjono, 2005). Another definition mention: Corporate Social Responsibility is the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their quality of life. (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2002) Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility varied between definitions in one state with other state because what conceived of social responsibility form on the basis of awareness or initiative in one state just earn represent obligation in other state. For example, association of Corporate Social Responsibility in Ghana mentions: CSR is about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and finds the business opportunities in building the skills of employees, the community and the government (mallenbaker.net). While association of Corporate Social Responsibility in Filipina have a notion that CSR is about business giving back to society(mallenbaker.net). Organization Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe is CSR Europe (www.csreurope.com) have a notion that company have two responsibility type that is first commercial responsibility which run the business successfully and secondly is social responsibility that is company role in society, where in form of various activity done by company besides activity of attainment maximize profit. This activity for example environmental continuity, paying attention to employees prosperity, running business pursuant to existing ethics, and active participate in society environment in place where the company operate. Griffin in Essential Business mention the social responsibility company with the term of Social Responsibility define: The attempt of business to balance it commitments to group and individuals in its environment, including customers, other business, employees and investors. According to him, social responsibility represent effort to balance various commitment for responsible to all investor that is maximize the profit company. Beside that, company also take charge to its consumer which is market the good quality product a commitment that possible trigger increase production cost and make the company have to settle for the lower profit. This matter then result a lot of irresponsible company to its consumer because enthusiastic to gratify the investor. From various definitions above, writer can conclude that social responsibility company is company continuation effort to balance the aspect of social-economy company in order to fulfilling obligation demand to all stakeholders fairly and proportional. CSR Model As long as bibliography research, there is three view or model depicting about company involvement in social activity. Third model that shall be as follows (Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 2002): Classic Model This Opinion, expanding at 19th century, starting from perfect emulation concept, where economic perpetrator apart and differ from the other behavioral type and form. Company purposed to maximize profit. Criterion of company Efficacy measured by useful power and growth. According this opinion, effort that company done just to fulfill the market request and commercialize represent to capital owner. A Fundamentalist in this area, Milton Friedman, expressing: There is one and only one company responsibility, that is use owned properties to increase profit as long as according to rule of the game going into effect in a free computation system without deception and insincerity (Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom, 1962). Sharpness, company according to this opinion neednt think of social effect which generated its company and neednt think of effort to repair social disease Management Model This opinion arise about 1930, after emerging new challenge of company having the nature of differing from previous situation which colored by idea of classic model. According to this opinion, company considered to be instituting of permanent which life and have separate target. Manager as one who trusted by owner of capital run a business for the sake of not only owner of capital, but also they are direct in concerned with company life, like employees, customer, supplier, and existing other party that bearing with company which do not solely based to the existence of contract (Franc X Suttin et. al, 1956 in Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 1993). Thereby manager as team which responsible to the continuity of company life performed to chosen policy which must consider social responsibility company remember its relation with other party which also have share in attainment of company target which do not only thinking of return owner of capital. Social Environmental Model This Model emphasize that company believe that power of owned politics and economics have relation with importance source of social environment and not merely from market as according to classic model or theory. Its consequence company has to share active in finishing social disease which reside in its environment, like education system which is not certifiable, unlabor, pollution, dirty housing, not regular transportation, security, and others. If classic model have a purpose especial to secure and prosperous owner of secure and prosperous management model and capital of management, in this model company have to extend target which must reach of that is which concerning prosperity of social in general (Ahmed Belkoui 1980 in Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 1993). Thereby, in chose project to found, beside pay attention percentage of profit, also have to pay attention advantage and disadvantage which possibly will be suffered by society. Pursuant to perception cursorily, either due influence of society demand through governmental hand and also change of human being attitude in company in this time. These matters go into effect, either in capitalist state, socialist, more than in our state. Pro and Contra about CSR Problem do company requires to take charge of social or not, still become erudite debate. Each telling opinion and his support and claim that his idea is correct. Following the reason of supporter so that company has social responsibility and ethics that is (Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 2002): Involvement of social represents respond to society expectation and desire to role of company. On a long term, this matter very beneficial company. Involvement of social possibly will influence repair of environment, society, what possibly will degrade production cost. Improving company good name will generate customer sympathy, employees sympathy, investor, and others. Avoiding governmental interference in protecting society. So that if company has social responsibility possible can avoid demarcation of activity of company. Show positive respond company to value and norm going into effect in society, so that get society sympathy. As according to desire stockholder, in this case public. Lessening tension dislike of society to company which sometime hateful activity of society not possible to avoid. Assisting importance of national, like natural conservation, conservancy of artistic and culture goods, increase of people education, labor, and others. At others, reason of challenger which frowns on social responsibility concept of company shall be as follows: Calling away the attention company from target of the core important in searching profit. This will generate extravagance. Conducive involvement of company to politics game or power redundantly which in fact none its field. Generate the business environment which is homogeneous, not pluralistic. Social involvement need the big enough energy and fund which cannot be fulfilled by finite company fund, which can generate the bankruptcy or degrade the level of company growth. Involvement of complex such social activity need the energy and all expert which not yet already owned by company (Ahmed Belkoui, SEA 1984 in Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 1993). Social Accounting Definition of Accounting which is often met in literature is definition opened by American Institute of Certified Public Accountant (AICPA), that is as follows Accounting is the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the result thereof. Other definition according to American Accounting Association (AAA) which shall no longer touch the word art but rather affirm at word of process (in Suwardjono, 2005): Accounting is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information. Definition which is much the same that according to AICPA 1970 that is (in Suwardjono, 2005): Accounting is a service activity. Its function is to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intented to be useful in making economic decision. Paul Grady support the accountancy definition as science, representing definition completion from AICPA: Accounting is the body of knowledge and functions concerned with systematic ariginating, authenticating, recording, classifying, processing, summarizing, analyzing, interpreting, and supplying of dependable and significant information covering transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, required for the management and operation of an entity and for reports that have to be submitted thereon to meet fiduciary and other responsibilities. While for the congeniality of social accountancy, Ramanathan (1976) in Suwardjono (2005) defining as follows: Social accounting is the process of selecting firm-level social performance variables, measures, and measurement procedures; systematically developing information usefull for evaluating the firms social performance; and communicating such information to concerned social groups, both within and outside the firm. For a while according to Freedman (1989) : Social accounting has been defined as the ordering, measuring and analysis of the social and economic consequences of governmental and entrepreneurial behavior. From the congeniality above, if paid attention to that in general social accountancy congeniality in fact relate to accountancy congeniality. The different between conventional accountancy congeniality with the social accountancy is word of social itself. Social accountancy represents the conventional accountancy which deals with social transaction of company. While its accounting process basically is equal that is include the process of identifying, record-keeping, measurement, and disclosure. This matter is perceivable because social accountancy itself represents part of or the broader new scope conventional financial accounting Category Classifications Include in Social Accounting Social Accountancy can be told aim to measure and lay open entire expense and social benefit required by activity produce a company to yield the relevant information for interested parties for company. In line with the target, hence it is important to know scope from social accountancy before so that later can be identified the social benefit and type. Social accountancy scope represents the area becoming company attention referring to social impact disclosure of corporate activity. This scope social accountancy is divisible some category which different each other according to all expert. The difference because there is not standard format yet concerning category which must be mentioned by company in social responsibility reporting, considering that application of social accountancy does not have its regulation standard. Moreover, the category coalescence between companies which is one with other might possibly differ; depend on its requirement of each company and stakeholders. Following are opinions from some expert concerning the classifications category which is come within the social accountancys scope: 1) The National Association of Accountants Committee on Accounting for Corporate Social Performance, classification the primarily scope which require to be paid attention by company concerning his following social performance (Tuanakotta, Theodorus M, 1986 in Utomo, 2000) a) Society Involvement ( community involvement), covering activity most off all once will give the benefit to the society widely, for example development and house expenditure, philanthropy activity, planning and village repairing, and many more. b) Human resources are activities that give benefits to the employees, for example the practice program and uplifting of skill, repairing the working circumstance and atmosphere, policy concerning with the promotion and respective everything with the compensation to the employees. c) Physical Sources and environment contribution, that is hit the air quality and irrigate and also the voice pollutions controlling, and industrial garbage dismissal operation (continuation of environment) d) The Products Contribution / service, that is pay attention to the influence of product or service to the society by reckoning some consideration like product quality, product packer, product advertisement, rule of product warranty, and product security 2) Linowes in model of its social accountancy reporting classify three form categorize that is (in Freedman, 1989): a) Deal with society. b) Deal with environment. c) Deal with consumer 3) Parker (1989: 178 180) in Utomo (2000) mentioning the category which different each other for the type of reporting with the approach which different each other, that is: a) For the reporting model by Inventory Approach, consist of four categories: (1) labor, (2) community, (3) product, (4) environment. b) For the reporting model by Outlay-Cost Approach, consist of four categories: (1) personnel, (2) customer, (3) environment, (4) community. c) For the reporting model by the Cost Benefit Approach, consist of four categories: (1) employees, (2) consumer, (3) community, (4) environment. Disclosure Conceptually, disclosure represents the integral part from financial reporting. Technically, disclosure represents the final step in accountancy course that is information presentation in the form of a set full of the financial statement. Evans 2003, in Suwardjono, 2005) interpreting the disclosure as follow: Disclosure means supplying information in the financial statement, including the statements themselves, the notes to the statement, and the supplementary disclosures associated with the statement. It does not extend to public or private statements made by management or information provided outside the financial statement. More specific, Wolk, Tearney, and Dodd (2001), in Suwardjono, (2005) interpret the disclosures congeniality as follows: Broadly interpreted, disclosure is concerned with information in both the financial statement and supplementary communication including footless, post-statement events, managements discussion and analysis of operations for the forthcoming year, financial and operating forecasts, and additional financial statements covering segmental disclosure and extensions beyond historical cost. Evans limits the disclosures congeniality only at the things which is concerning with the financial reporting. The management statement in other; dissimilar mass media or newspaper and also information outside the financial reporting scope do not include in disclosure congeniality. Meanwhile, Wolk, Tearney, and Dodd also include the segmental financial statement and statement which reflected the prices change as part of disclosure. Expression also often meant as ready information more than what communicable in the form of formal financial statement. This matter seems in line with idea FASB in its conceptual framework as following (SFAC No. 1, PRG. 5, in Suwardjono, 2005): Although financial reporting and financial statements have essentially the same objectives, some useful information is better provided by financial statement and some is better provided, or can only be provided, by means of financial reporting other than financial statements. Disclosures Target In general, disclosures target presents the information which is considered necessary to reach financial reporting target and to serve various party having importance different each other. While the special target is as follows (in Suwardjono, 2005): 1) The Protection target The protection target based on the idea that do not all user sophisticated enough so that users which naÃÆ' ¯f require to be protected by laying open information which they not possible obtain or not possible to process information to catch the economic substations which base on a post of financial statement. In other word, disclosure intended to protect the management treatment which unjust possible and opened (unfair). 2) Informative Target Informative target based on the idea that user which is gone to clear with the certain sophisticated level. Thereby, disclosure instructed to provide the information which can assist user in making effective decision. 3) Special Requirement Target This Target represents the merger from the protection of public target and informative target. What have to be laid open to public limited by what considered necessary for user which is gone to, whereas for the purpose of observation, certain information have to be submitted to supervisor body pursuant to regulation through forms that claiming disclosure in detail. Other disclosure target that is according to Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). According to SEC of disclosure target categorized to become two that is: 1) protective disclosure, that intended as protection effort to investor, and 2) informative disclosure, which aim to give the competent information to report consumer (Wolk, Francis, and Tearney in Zuhroh, Diana and I Putu Pande, 2003) There is different idea in the case of how far the wide of disclosure of financial statement ought to be conducted and information requirement of consumer differ. There are three concept of concerning broadness of financial statement disclosure, (Eldon S Hendriksen, 1997 in Suwardjono 2005) that is Adequate, Fair, and Full Disclosure. The concept what most often practiced is Adequate Disclosure, which is minimum disclosure which must be fulfilled to make financial statement as a whole do not mislead for the sake of decision making. Fair disclosure containing ethical target by providing competent information to potential reader. While full disclosure representing disclosure for all relevant information. Full disclosure owning impression of information presentation abundance, so that some parties exactly have a notion bad. Abundantly information will be productive contra because detail disclosure which not is important so exactly will close the significant information to cause the financial statement difficult to be interpreted. But competent disclosure about the significant information to all investor and other party shall be adequate, complete and fair. There is no a marked difference among this concepts if altogether utilized in competent context Meanwhile there are two type of disclosure in its relation with the conditions specified by standard, first is mandatory disclosure, which is minimum disclosure, required by accountancy standard going into effect. And the second is voluntary disclosure that is disclosure of items done voluntarily by company without obliged by regulation, though all public company obliged to fulfill minimum disclosure, they differ by substantial in number information addition expressed to capital market. Motivation and Reason of Doing Social Disclosure According to Suwardjono (2005), some motivation which possible push the environmental and social performance information disclosure for example: To maintain the legitimacy of company operation (Legitimacy Theory). According to Legitimacy Theory, company conduct the certain activity, included in matter of information disclosure, because in order to obtain the legitimacy from society where the company operate and also as a strategy to keep the good relation between the company with the outside party (especially stakeholders) To manage or influence the certain group stakeholders who is looked having the strong influence. In stakeholders theory, company considers the existence of expectation, which different each other of group stakeholders that affect on operation and policy of information disclosure. 3) To increase properties of all stockholder and manager. Positive Accounting Theory has the assumption that everyone does the activity because pushed by its private interest accomplishment. If everybody has activity to fulfill its private interest, hence it can be that manager set mind to disclosure the environmental and social information because they expect to get the make-up of properties from the disclosure activity. Make-up of this manager property possible got from profit improvement or assesses the company. 4) Manager confidence that company have the accountabilities or duty to provide the certain information. Disclosure of social and environmental responsibility performance information can be pushed because manager believes that various group stakeholders entitled to know the operate implication for the company to environmental and social quality. 5) To hinder or preceding the effort recognition/making of disclosure regulation that more weighing. Manager do the environmental and social performance information disclosure in order to hindering government depress the pertinent industry, very possibly will disturb because too much reporting requirement. While the motivation and the reason why company conduct the social disclosure, which got from opinion ambit of all experts, for example: 1) To create the good impression about social value of company. Companies use social information to present themselves with a prosperous image and to show that they exhibit the same social norms and values as those of their society. (Parsons, 1956 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000) 2) To support the continuity of company business. For companies to continue to survive and grow, they need to perform well and undertake various socially desirable actions, including distribution of economic, social or political benefits to the groups from whom they derive their power. (Shocker and Sethi, 1973 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000) 3) To increase company legitimacy before stakeholders. The disclosure of social information is used as a means of legitimising corporate actions as well as projecting their values and ideas. (Dieckers and Voght, 2000 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000) Companies disclose social information to legitimise their own existence. (Brown and Deegan, 1998 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000) 4) As an effort for the minimization of Business Risk. Pursuant to the result of research into the Trotman and Bradley (1981, in Utomo 2000), by conducting social disclosure hence company will own the high systematic risk (for a while controlling easier for systematic risk than non-systematic risk). Social Disclosure in Annual Report Disclosure defined as providing a number of information required for the optimally operation in an efficient capital market (Hendriksen, 1996, in Zuhroh, Diana And I Putu Pande, 2003). There is a mandatory disclosure that is information disclosure which is obliged to be done by company rely on a certain standard or regulation, and there is having the character of voluntary, representing information disclosure exceed the minimum conditions from regulation going into effect. Each unit/economic perpetrator trying for importance of stockholder and its concentration at profit attainment also take charge of social responsibility, and that matter require to be expressed in annual report, as expressed by FASB (in Suadilman, 2000 in Zuhroh, Diana And I Putu Pande, 2003) and AICPA: Financial Reporting include not only financial statement, but also other means of communicating information that relates, direct or indirect, to the information provided by the accounting system. New releases, managements forecasts or other descriptions of it plans or expectations, and descriptions of its plans or expectations and descriptions of an enterprises social or environmental impact are examples or reports giving financial informations other than financial statements. (FASB, 1978 in Zuhroh, Diana and I Putu Pande, 2003) An Objective of financial statements is to report on these activities of the enterprise affecting society which can be determined and described or measured and which are important to the role of enterprises in its social environment.(Trueblood Commite Report, AICPA, 1973, in Suwaldiman, 2006) Annual Report Definition of annual report is as follows : At the top every analysts list (of financial reports used by analysts) is the annual report to share holders. It is the major reporting document and every other financial report is in some respect subsidiary or supplementary to it. Annual report is obliged to be submitted by company enlisting in Stock Exchange as activity reporting during one previous year to interested parties (stakeholders). Overall of content from annual report is not arranged by profession authority in charge like Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia (IAI), but arranged by Regulator of Stock Exchange that is Bapepam. The objective of annual report is: Useful to users of annual report in making investment, credit, and other decisions. Providing comprehensive report about the company prospect in future of operation activity, finance, and other relevant information. Providing information about the claims of company resources and also its change. Industrial Type High-Profile Company which is included in industrial type High-Profile according to Robert ( in Hackston and Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) is company having high level sensitivities to environment, high politics risk or tight competition. While Diekers Preston ( in Hacston and Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) depicting industry which that High-Profile as follows : companies whose economic activities modify the environment, such as extractive industries, are more likely to disclose information about their environmental impact than are companies in order industries. Cowen Et.Al. ( in Hackston Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) enhancing as follows : Consumer-oriented companies can be expected to exhibit greater concern with demonstrating their social responsibility to the community, since this is likely to enhance corporate image and influence sales. High-Profile Companies generally representing company that obtaining focus from society because its operation activity owns the potency for correlated with the wide importance. Generally, society more sensitive to high-profile company because they negligence in security of production process and their result can bring the fatal effect for society. High-Profile Company is more sensitive to desire of consumer or other party which have importance to its product (Zuhroh, Diana and I Putu Pande, 2003). We can say that high-profile Company has possibility to cause the damage of other social impact or environment. The example is mining company, management of forest resource, chemical industrial and industrial agro, representing industry claiming wise social impact management remember its operation have impact with society life. Real example, in life is the case of gas leakage at Lapindo Company has fatal impact to society. As for company which classified in industrial group of high-profile according to Robert ( in Hackston and Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) for example other oiling company and mining, chemical, forest, paper, automotive, air transport, agribusiness, tobacco and smoke, food and beverage product, media and communications, energy (electrics), engineering, health, and also transportation and tourism. Industrial Type Low-Profile Low-Profile Company represent the company which dont obtaining wide focus from society if their operation fail or mistake at certain aspect in process and result. When compared to high-profile company, company categorized in industry low-profile more tolerance by society if they doing mistake (Zuhroh, Diana And I Putu Pande, 2003). We can say that low-profile industry represent the industry type owning level of social risk which lowers than high-profile

Ontological Relativism and the Pragmatic Notion of Metaphysical Truth :: Philosophy Metaphysics Research

Ontological Relativism and the Pragmatic Notion of Metaphysical Truth ABSTRACT: I. Introduction The mind body problem resembles a black hole in the universe of philosophy: It takes a lot of energy which could be spent otherwise. Therefore, it would be liberating to show that it is not a problem at all. That is exactly what I shall do in this paper. Roughly, I shall argue as follows: First, I will show that the traditional mind body problem as a logical conflict will not occur if one is more decided in dualism. Then, I shall argue that dualism does not need to be an absurd position. It is absurd only when taken metaphysically, but it is plausible when taken pragmatically. I shall reject the metaphysical presumptions shared by metaphysical dualism and the materialist identity theory in order to develop a metaphysical position compatible with pragmatic dualism. Thus, I shall get rid of the mind body problem, the absurdities associated with dualism and the unintelligibility of the identity theory — all at once. II. Exchanging Logical Conflicts for Metaphysical Questions The traditional logical way of putting the mind body problem is this: (1) Physical events are caused only by other physical events. (2) Mental phenomena play causal roles such that they do cause not only other mental phenomena but also physical events, namely actions and movements. (3) Mental phenomena are not physical. These statements contradict each other, but only for the reason that (3) defends a mental-physical dualism, whereas (2) supposes identity between actions (or behavior) and phyical events. Thus, the logical conflict is constituted by nothing but indecision in dualism. I call it indecision, because the relevant reasons which lead to dualism with regard to mental and physical phenomena do equally well support dualism as to actions (or behavior) and physical events. Both variants of ontological dualism are built upon semantic dualism which is both conceptual and explanatory dualism. As to conceptual dualism, it should be conceded that mental phenomena, behavior, and actions as such can be individuated only as sensed, had, made, and done by someone. This existential dependency on a subject cannot be analysed naturalistically, because it is neither an empirical intrinsic property, nor any kind of empirical relation. It is what the contents of the concepts "sensing", "feeling", "deciding", "believing", and "acting" have in common, concepts, which do not refer to intrinsic properties or relations at all. Thus, the individuation of mental phenomena and actions as such differs essentially from the individuation of physical phenomena and events.

Essay --

In the 1950s, space exploration represented the epitome of human scientific achievement. However, beginning in the 1970s, long-term goals of space exploration were shelved in favor of smaller projects that kept astronauts closer to Earth. Throughout the years, advocates have pushed for a return to space exploration, noting that valuable discoveries and technological advancements would likely emerge from such a program. In 2011, the United States ended its space shuttle program. While other countries such as China and Russia continue to expand their space programs today, American space exploration has been put to a halt. Many Americans believe that the United States space program requires a huge chunk of government funding. In reality, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) spending typically comprises of less than one percent of the federal government's budget ("Space Exploration"). Many Americans have called for an end to government-funded space exploration because they feel like the space program does not offer any benefits to the average citizen and that the money would be better spent on Earth-based efforts to improve the nation ("Space Exploration"). What if by traveling to space and exploring the unknown territory, we in fact improve our nation? What if Mars is capable of sustaining life? What if the cure for cancer is lying beneath the surface of a planet? If space exploration remains halted, there might be many questions left unanswered. In 2004, President George W. Bush announced the end of the US space shuttle program in 2010. He planned to replace it with a space program named Constellation, which aimed to return Americans to the moon to do more research and to tap into that body's frozen water for mak... ...chael Lind, an author and policy director at the New America Foundation, said: When the Apollo astronauts landed on the moon, many assumed that this was the first step toward the permanent colonization of the moon and journeys by astronauts to other planets. From today's perspective, though, the space race was like the races to the North Pole and the South Pole. Once explorers had reached those destinations, the world lost interest. Space exploration is something that is extremely important to the future of our nation. Leaving space undiscovered would leave many questions unanswered. The solution to many of our nation's problems could be found in space, but Americans will never know unless space exploration continues to be successful. If the government no longer wants to fund a space program, space exploration should become privatized so that progress can be made. Essay -- In the 1950s, space exploration represented the epitome of human scientific achievement. However, beginning in the 1970s, long-term goals of space exploration were shelved in favor of smaller projects that kept astronauts closer to Earth. Throughout the years, advocates have pushed for a return to space exploration, noting that valuable discoveries and technological advancements would likely emerge from such a program. In 2011, the United States ended its space shuttle program. While other countries such as China and Russia continue to expand their space programs today, American space exploration has been put to a halt. Many Americans believe that the United States space program requires a huge chunk of government funding. In reality, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) spending typically comprises of less than one percent of the federal government's budget ("Space Exploration"). Many Americans have called for an end to government-funded space exploration because they feel like the space program does not offer any benefits to the average citizen and that the money would be better spent on Earth-based efforts to improve the nation ("Space Exploration"). What if by traveling to space and exploring the unknown territory, we in fact improve our nation? What if Mars is capable of sustaining life? What if the cure for cancer is lying beneath the surface of a planet? If space exploration remains halted, there might be many questions left unanswered. In 2004, President George W. Bush announced the end of the US space shuttle program in 2010. He planned to replace it with a space program named Constellation, which aimed to return Americans to the moon to do more research and to tap into that body's frozen water for mak... ...chael Lind, an author and policy director at the New America Foundation, said: When the Apollo astronauts landed on the moon, many assumed that this was the first step toward the permanent colonization of the moon and journeys by astronauts to other planets. From today's perspective, though, the space race was like the races to the North Pole and the South Pole. Once explorers had reached those destinations, the world lost interest. Space exploration is something that is extremely important to the future of our nation. Leaving space undiscovered would leave many questions unanswered. The solution to many of our nation's problems could be found in space, but Americans will never know unless space exploration continues to be successful. If the government no longer wants to fund a space program, space exploration should become privatized so that progress can be made.